Table 2.
Association of depression symptoms and diabetes distress at baseline with medication adherence over 36-month follow-up
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate (95% CI) | P | Estimate (95% CI) | P* | |
| Separate models | ||||
| Depressive symptoms at baseline | ||||
| PHQ-8 total score | −0.48 (−0.60, −0.37) | <0.0001 | −0.43 (−0.54, −0.31) | <0.0001 |
| PHQ-8 somatic score | −3.52 (−4.37, −2.67) | <0.0001 | −3.23 (−4.05, −2.40) | <0.0001 |
| PHQ-8 cognitive-affective score | −2.91 (−3.81, −2.01) | <0.0001 | −2.30 (−3.16, −1.43) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes distress at baseline | ||||
| DDS average score | −2.74 (−3.35, −2.12) | <0.0001 | −2.07 (−2.67, −1.47) | <0.0001 |
| DDS emotional burden | −2.16 (−2.68, −1.64) | <0.0001 | −1.49 (−2.00, −0.98) | <0.0001 |
| DDS regimen-related distress | −2.20 (−2.68, −1.72) | <0.0001 | −1.85 (−2.31, −1.39) | <0.0001 |
| DDS physician-related distress | −1.38 (−1.94, −0.83) | <0.0001 | −0.99 (−1.52, −0.46) | 0.0003 |
| DDS interpersonal distress | −1.55 (−2.08, −1.01) | <0.0001 | −1.11 (−1.63, −0.60) | <0.0001 |
| Joint models | ||||
| Depressive symptoms and diabetes distress | ||||
| PHQ-8 total score | −0.31 (−0.44, −0.19) | <0.0001 | −0.30 (−0.43, −0.18) | <0.0001 |
| DDS average score | −2.12 (−2.78, −1.46) | <0.0001 | −1.46 (−2.10, −0.82) | <0.0001 |
| Depressive symptom dimensions | ||||
| PHQ-8 somatic score | −3.03 (−4.20, −1.86) | <0.0001 | −3.19 (−4.32, −2.07) | <0.0001 |
| PHQ-8 cognitive-affective score | −0.75 (−1.97, 0.47) | 0.2293 | −0.05 (−1.21, 1.12) | 0.9350 |
Text in bold indicates a statistically significant relationship (P < 0.01). *The adjusted linear mixed-effects model estimates the medication adherence at subsequent follow-up visit as a function of the emotional distress factors with adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, randomized treatment group, duration of T2DM, BMI, and HbA1c at baseline.