Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Overall | Ever confirmed primary outcome (HbA1c ≥7%) | P* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n = 582) | Yes (n = 1,157) | |||
| Age (years) | 57.97 (10.21) | 60.47 (9.35) | 56.71 (10.39) | <0.0001 |
| T2DM duration (years) | 4.21 (2.81) | 4.36 (2.87) | 4.13 (2.78) | 0.2821 |
| Sex (%) | ||||
| Male | 68 | 71 | 66 | |
| Female | 32 | 29 | 34 | 0.0074 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 56 | 58 | 54 | |
| Hispanic | 17 | 12 | 19 | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 18 | 20 | 17 | |
| Non-Hispanic other | 9 | 9 | 10 | 0.0001 |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never smoked | 52 | 44 | 56 | |
| Past smoker | 35 | 40 | 33 | |
| Current smoker | 13 | 16 | 11 | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 34.09 (6.47) | 34.04 (6.08) | 34.12 (6.67) | 0.7472 |
| Education | ||||
| High school/GED or less | 30 | 30 | 30 | |
| Some college | 29 | 30 | 29 | |
| College/graduate school | 41 | 40 | 41 | 0.5713 |
| Income (USD) | ||||
| <10,000 | 6 | 6 | 7 | |
| 10,000–20,000 | 11 | 10 | 11 | |
| 20,000–50,000 | 32 | 29 | 33 | |
| ≥50,000 | 51 | 55 | 49 | 0.0383 |
| Living status | ||||
| Living alone | 17 | 19 | 16 | |
| With another adult | 79 | 78 | 80 | |
| With children only | 4 | 3 | 4 | 0.3981 |
| Employment | ||||
| Employed | 56 | 50 | 59 | |
| Retired | 26 | 35 | 22 | |
| Other | 18 | 15 | 19 | <0.0001 |
| Any diabetes-related complications | ||||
| No | 59 | 54 | 62 | |
| Yes | 41 | 46 | 38 | 0.0455 |
| Any macrovascular disease | ||||
| No | 93 | 92 | 93 | |
| Yes | 7 | 8 | 7 | 0.1829 |
| Medication adherence | 89.88 (11.05) | 91.13 (10.24) | 89.26 (11.39) | 0.0004 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.51 (0.48) | 7.34 (0.43) | 7.59 (0.48) | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 59 (5) | 57 (5) | 59 (5) | <0.0001 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L)** | 4.17 (4.60); 2.61 (1.22, 5.26) | 4.19 (4.85); 2.46 (1.16, 5.21) | 4.15 (4.47); 2.66 (1.30, 5.26) | 0.2100 |
| PHQ-8 total | 3.44 (3.96) | 3.30 (3.91) | 3.51 (3.98) | 0.1225 |
| DDS average | 1.67 (0.74) | 1.61 (0.68) | 1.70 (0.77) | 0.0011 |
Data are percent for categorical variables and mean (SD) for quantitative variables, unless otherwise indicated. Employment: employed, currently employed full- or part-time, full-time homemaker, or seasonally employed; retired, currently retired; other, currently not employed, student, never worked or disabled, or other. Any diabetes-related complication: prior amputation, retinopathy, nephropathy (presence of either albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g or estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/m2), or neuropathy (presence of either diabetic peripheral neuropathy, with use of a composite cutoff including both the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument questionnaire score and the clinical examination, or cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy defined according to two heart rate variability (HRV) indices: SD of normally conducted R-R intervals <8.2 ms and root mean square of successive differences between normal-to-normal R-R intervals <8 ms). Any macrovascular disease: prior MI or stroke. Bold type represents P < 0.01.
*P values from unadjusted Cox PH models.
**hs-CRP has a distribution skewed to the right (Supplementary Fig. 1), and both mean (SD) and median (1st, 3rd quartiles) are reported.