Table 3.

Objective measures of sleep disruptions in neuropsychiatric disorders.

Neuropsychiatric condition		NREM		REM					Awakenings		qEEG	Sleep spindles		Comorbidity
		Duration	Latency	Duration	latency	Density	Bout Length	%	WASO	Sleep fragmentation	NREM Delta	Number	Density	Sleep disorders
Schizophrenia 1,4–13		↓	↑	n.s	↓	↑	—	n.s	↑	↑	↓	↓	↓	↑
Major Depressive Disorder 1,14–24		↓	↑	↑	↓	↑	↑	↑	↑	↑	↕	↓	↓	↑
Post-traumatic stress disorder 25–39		↓ ; n.s	↑	↕ ; n.s	n.s	↑	↓	n.s	↑ ; n.s	—	↓	—	↑	↑
Alzheimer’s Disease 1,40–42		↓	↑	↓ ; n.s	↑	↓	—	↓	↑	↑	↓	↓	—	↑
Substance Use Disorders: Withdrawal and Abstinence	Cocaine (Early Abstinence) 2,3,43–50	↑	↓	↑	↑	—	—	↑	—	—	—	—	—	‐
	Cocaine (Later Abstinence) 2,3,43–49	↓	↑	↓	↑ ; n.s	—	—	↕	↑	↑	↓	—	—	-
	Opioid (w/o medication assistance) 2,3,50–57	↓	↑	↓	↑	—	—	—	—	—	↓	—	—	↑

n.s., not significant; —, not determined; qEEG, quantitative EEG; REM Density, number of REMbouts per minute of sleep; % REM, duration of REM out of total sleep time; WASO, time awake after sleep onset until final awakening; Early abstinence, <1 week; Later abstinence, >2 weeks.

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