Table 1.

Summary of the principal mechanisms induced by artichoke chemical compounds.

Major Group	Chemical Compound	Action Mechanisms [Reference]
Flavonoids	Luteolin	Antioxidant action [16] Lipid profile modulation [29] Anticholestatic action [30] Cholerectic action [30] Antimicrobial action [31]
Flavonoids	Luteolin 7-O-glucoside	Antioxidant action [32] Hepato-protective action [33] Anticholestatic action [30] Cholerectic action [33]
Flavonoids	Luteolin 7-O-rutinoside	Antioxidant action [6] Anti-hyperlipidemic [34]
Flavonoids	Luteolin 7-O-glucuronide	Anti-inflammatory action [35]
Flavonoids	Apigenin Apigenin7-O-rutinoside Apigenin 7-O-glucoside Apigenin 7-O-glucuronide	Antioxidant action [6] Antimicrobial action [33]
Hydroxycinammic acids	Caffeic acid	Antioxidant action [6,16] Antimicrobial action [6,16] Hepato-protective action [34] Anticholestatic action [34] Cholerectic action [34]
Hydroxycinammic acids	Ferulic acid	Antimicrobial action [16]
Mono-caffeoylquinic acids	3-O-caffeoylquinic acid 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid	Anti-inflammatory action [36] Antimicrobial action [37]
Di-caffeoylquinic acids	1,3-di-CQA	Hepato-protective action [5] Anti-inflammatory action [38,39]
Di-caffeoylquinic acids	1,5-di-CQA	Antiglycative action [40]
Di-caffeoylquinic acids	3,4-di-CQA 3,5-di-CQA 4,5-di-CQA	Antioxidant action [41]
Sesquiterpene lactones	Cynaropicrin	Anti-inflammatory action [19] Antiparasitic action [20] Anti-tumor action [23,26] Antioxidant action [25] Neuroprotective action [25]
Sesquiterpene lactones	Dehydrocynaropicrin Grosheimin Cynaratriol 8-deoxy-11,13-dihydroxygrosheimin	Anti-inflammatory action [27]