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Characterization of 3D-embedded electrical oscillator. (a) A circuit equivalent to the Colpitts oscillator; (b) schematic diagram of 3D-embedded electrical oscillator; (c) fabrication process (i) manufactured on the printed substrate initially, then the intermediate layer of inductors, (ii) the superior resistors, (iii) a 3D integrated LC Colpitts oscillator; (d) 3D-printed oscillator; (e) LTspice simulation of AC signal; (f) experimental result from 3D oscillator [164].
