Table 2.

Various methods used for obtaining nanopropolis with the size’s result.

Application	Type of bionanomaterial	Synthesis methods	Composition	Size, nm	Ref.
Anti-diabetes	Nano-spheres powder of extract ethanol propolis encapsulated chitosan-polyacrilic nanoparticles	Chitosan-poly acrylic acid (CS-PAA) polymer was synthesized by converting chitin to chitosan through a deacetylation process, followed by mixing the chitosan solution with polyacrylic acid and stirring overnight. Then, ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) was conjugated with the CS-PAA polymer using a a home-made rod mill, then sonicated, and centrifuged	Chitosan, ethanol extract of propolis, 0.66 mM potassium persulphate (KPS), acrylic acid, 0.1 N hydrochloric acid (HCl)	24-32	[99]
	Nanopropolis lyophilized powder	Extract ethanol propolis was lyophilized and dried	Ethanol extract of propolis, ethanol	<100	[87]
	Nanopropolis emulsion	Spontaneous emulsification method. Dissolving propolis extract into an organic phase containing soy lecithin ad mix with aqueous phase containing poloxamer	0.4 % of poloxamer, 2.5 mg/mL of soy lecithin, acetone and ethanol with ratiof 60:40	122.1	[100]
Hepatoprotective	Nanopropolis polymeric micelles solution	Micellar formulation method. Adding propolis extract to triblock copolymer solution and evaporated to remove ethanol	0.06734 g ml-1 PEO26PPO40PEO26 triblock copolymer, 0.055 g ml-1 of propolis extract, ethanol:water (70:30)	21	[101]
	Propolis liposome	All materials were mixed with ethanol and water while heated in 80 °C. Then, the solution was homogenized in ultra-turrax homogenizer at 11000 rpm. Then, the liposome dispersion was obtained.	160 mg of phospholipids (PL-90H), 80 mg of cholesterol, 100 mg stearic acid, 30 mg of propolis extract, and ethanol	216 to 437	[102]
Anti-cancer	Chitosan-coated nano-propolis	Green sonication method by adding chitosan into acetic acid solution then sonicated. Tween 80 was added and mixed with propolis ethanol solution. Subsequently, the solution was sonicated and stored in cold.	3.5 g chitosan, 2 vol.% acetic acid, 1 g of tween 80, propolis (85 %), 120 mL ethanol	<200	[96]
	Propolis nanosuspension	Nanoprecipitation method by dissolving a half of total propolis to DMSO 5 % and the rest in ethanol, then it was sonicated. Propolis solutions added to distilled water containing lecithin, while in stirring. Nanosuspension obtained after ethanol evaporated	5 % dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), 2 ml lecithin, ethanol, distilled water, and propolis extract	185.27 ± 26.44	[103]
	Niosome vesicle of propolis	Ether injection method in synthesizing niosomes. Diethyl ether solution was prepared and dissolving cholesterol and tween 80, then propolis extract in PBS solution added to the mixture. Niosome was obtained by centrifugation and lyophilized in extreme cold temperature	Cholesterol, tween 80, diethylether, PBS pH 7.4 and propolis extract	151 ± 2.84	[104]
	Nanoparticle propolis	Propolis extract dissolved in ethanol and shaking in water bath. Then it was filtered and diluted in distilled water. Propolis water solution sonicated and filtered using a 220nm PTFE filter	Ethanol, water and propolis powder extract	43.82 to 91.28	[86]
	Propolis-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier	High-shear homogenization. A lipid phase mixed with propolis ethanol solution and heated in water bath above melting point of lipid. Aqueous phase was prepared containing emulsifier. Lipid and aqueous phase mixed with Ultra Turrax homogenizer at the same temperature	Liquid lipid, Poloxamer 188, Poloxamer 407, ethanol, propolis extract	255.8 to 342.5	[105]
	Zinc Oxide-Propolis Nanocomposite	Propolis nanoparticle prepared by ball mill method and Zinc oxide nanoparticle obtained by coprecipitated using zinc nitrate and propolis aqueous extract. Then, ZnO-Propolis Nanocomposite synthesize by green synthesis approach by mixing both propolis and ZnO nanoparticle and centrifuged in 4 times	zinc nitrate, milli-Q water, propolis	9.70	[106]
	Propolis-loaded nano-in-microparticles	Propolis extract solid dispersion loaded to polymeric materials such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly (propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol). PE loaded polymer were dispersed in chitosan solution formed NIM (nano-in-microparticles)	polyvinyl alcohol, poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly (propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol), PLGA, polyethylene glycol, gelucire, Sodium dodecyl sulfate	104 to 1921	[107]
	Propolis solid lipid nanoparticles	Hot homogenization method and ultrasonication. Propolis nano-emulsion placed in cold water to obtain solid lipid nanoparticles	Tween20, Tween80, solid lipid, ethanolic extract of propolis.	57.55 ±  15	[108]
	Propolis nanocapsule	Ultrasound and high-speed homogenizer method. First, propolis extract in aqueous solution prepared and adding water gradually in stirring. High speed homogenizer used to obtain nanoemulsion. sodium alginate added to nanoemulsion then ultrasonicated to obtain encapsulation emulsion	supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extract of propolis, deionized water, sodium alginate	18.87to 39.12	[109]
Cardiovascular disease	Liposomal propolis	Liposome obtained by modification on dried thin lipid film technique. Then, propolis extract in ethanol mixed with liposome and vortexed. Propolis liposome obtained by evaporating ethanol solvent.	0.25gram L-α phosphatidylcholine, 0.25gram cholesterol. 15 ml chloroform, phosphate buffer, ethanol, propolis extract.	93.5 ± 0.87	[110]
	Propolis loaded triblock copolymer nano-vesicles	Thin film hydration method	Polylactide-block-poly (ethylene glycol)-block-polylactide (PLA-PEG-PLA), ethanol, propolis extract	23-53	[111]
Anti-virus	Propolis-loaded chitosan/PLGA	oil-in-water (o/w) single emulsion solvent evaporation method	PLGA, PVA, chitosan, Dichloromethane, ethanolic extract of propolis	450	[112]
	Propolis-loaded PLGA nanoparticle	oil-in-water (o/w) single emulsion solvent evaporation method	PLGA, PVA, Dichloromethane, ethanolic extract of propolis	229.5 to 424.7	[113]
	Propolis-chitosan nanoparticle	Chitosan nanoparticle prepared by ionic gelation method using tripolyphosphate solution and acetic acid. Then, chitosan was added to ethanolic propolis extract with tween 20 using peristaltic pump. while stirring	0.1% (w/v) chitosan, tripolyphosphate, 1% glacial acetic acid, ethanolic propolis extract, Tween 20	50 to 200	[97]
	Propolis nanofiber	Electrospinning method and fabrication of nanowebs	6 wt% PVA, propolis glycerin extract, propolis extracts containing ethyl alcohol	>5000	[92]
Antibiotics, antibacteria	Chitosan propolis nanoparticle	Ionotropic gelation method with Tripolyphosphate (TPP). 0.2% Chitosan solution was prepared in 1% acetic acid at ph 5.0. Then, ethanol extract of propolis added while stirring. TPP solution prepared in distilled water and adjusted to ph5.5. chitosan-propolis solution added into TPP under stirring condition	0.2% w/v of chitosan, 0.15% w/v sodium TPP, 1% v/v acetic acid, ethanol extract of propolis	107.74 ± 0.53	[114]
	Nanopropolis	Ball mill media method using ball or rods	Propolis extract and methanol	122 to 409	[115]
	Propolis nanoemulsion	Chitosan solution prepared in 1 % lactic acid then mixed with 0.4 % TPP solution. Suspension obtained by stirring in overnight. 35 % of glycerol-sorbitol solution (2:1) added to suspension. Propolis extract was added to form nanoemulsion	Chitosan, 1 % lactic acid, 0.4 % TPP solution, 35 % of glycerol-sorbitol solution (2:1), propolis extract	71.16 to 112.34	[116]
	Propolis- nanostructured lipid carrier	Emulsion-evaporation-solidification method. Propolis extract dissolved in lipid phase with lecithin in ethanol and heated. Tween 80 in water as aqueous phase mixed with lipid phase in dropwise and then sonicated	Glycerol monostearate, capric acid, lecithin, ethanol, tween-80, propolis extract	41.57 to 44.28	[117]
	Propolis micellar nanocomposite	A combination of polymeric nanocomposite mixed with propolis ethyl acetate extract. Then, acetone used for solubilize the micellar nanocomposites loaded propolis	poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL), Pluronic F108 copolymer, acetone propolis ethyl acetate extract	>70	[118]
	PVA-loaded nanopropolis	PVA solution was prepared and mix with propolis extract while shaking at 80 °C for 1 h. The solution was continued homogenized in 24 hour using magnetic stirrer. The sample weas filtered and put into electrospray to obtain PVA-nanopropolis	6 % of PVA, Propolis extract	106.37 to 258.51	[119]
Anti-inflammation	Propolis nanoparticles	Emulsion diffusion method. Propolis in 90 % ethyl alcohol was added drop wise into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in aqueous solution under stirring. Then propolis nanoparticle obtained by centrifugation	1 % of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), ethyl alcohol, propolis, distilled water	5 to 10	[98]
	Propolis supercritical extract encapsulated in gamma- cyclodextrin	Propolis extract mixed with cyclodextrin in aqueous solution and homogenized. Then, suspension was dispersed in water and spray-dried	Green propolis supercritical extract, gamma cyclodextrin, water	<6000	[120]
Oral and dental disease	Colloidal nanopropolis	Propolis extract was filtered and added to distilled water. The suspension was sonicated to obtain colloidal nanopropolis. pH of nanopropolis adjusted to 7 with natrium hydroxide. The result was then powdered using freeze-drying process	Propolis, ethanol, natrium hydroxide	70 to 120	[121]
	Niosomal propolis extract	Reversed phase evaporation method	Span60, cholesterol, chloroform, ethanol, water, propolis extract,	237 to 333	[122]
Wound healing	Nanofiber propolis-silk fibroin gelatin	Silk fibroin was prepared first from silk cocoons using degumming and lyophilization method. Gelatin mixed with silk fibroin and propolis extract was added. Then, solution was processed into nanofiber using electrospinning method.	silk cocoons, lithium bromide, water, formic acid, gelatin,	100 to 600	[123]
	Nanofiber propolis gel patches	Electrospinning method. 3 % of gelatin added to PVA solution and mixed with tween 80 and propolis. Then the solution introduced to electrospinning	PVA, Tween 80 propolis, gelatin	293 to 401	[93]
	Nanofiber propolis	Electrospinning method. Propolis was mixed with polymeric solution and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol was used as solvent. Then, the mixture introduced to electrospinning	poly(lactide-co-glycolide), propolis,	n/a	[95]
	Propolis loaded cellulose nanofiber /polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel	Freeze-thawing and freeze-drying method	PVA. Cellulose nanofiber, propolis extract, distilled water,	<20000	[124]