Table 1.

The summary of the reported research involving types of NMs and DDS, along with therapeutic molecules, polymers and the obtained result

Types of NM	Types of DDS	Therapeutic agent	Polymer	Result	Ref.
Gold NPs	Nanocomposite (Gold Nanoclusters)	AZD8055	Albumin	Significant cellular toxicity with decreasing the tumor surface	[80]
	Nanocomposite	Chalcones	-	Antitumor activity through the generation of ROS	[81]
	NPs	Paclitaxel	-	Antimelanoma activity through the generation of ROS and induction of apoptosis	[83]
	Nanocomposite (Gold nanorods)	-	Gum arabic	Reduced primary tumour growth by 45 % and reduced melanoma metastasis	[9]
	Gold-nanoshell	Doxorubicin	Antibody and PEG	Expression of significantly higher level of PD-L1. Precise targeting and delivery of drugs to melanoma cells	[84]
	Theranostic nanoprobe	-	p-MBA Anti-MUC18 single chain antibody (scFy)	In vivo melanoma site tracing, biodistribution study and targeted treatment	[86]
	Nanocomposite	-	HA and oleic acid	More effective against non-metastatic melanoma or other superficial tumours	[87]
	Nanocomposite	-	Folic acid	Decreased viability of melanoma cells and decrease in side effects.	[88]
Gold NPs and TiO2 nanorods	Nanocomposite	-	-	Reduction of cell viability to less than 1 %	[89]
Au-MnO2 nano-composite	Nanocomposite	-	-	Cytotoxicity of C540 cell lines in a dose-dependent manner	[90]
Silver NPs	Nanocomposite hydrogel		Chitosan and starch	A dose-dependent decrease in % of cell viability	[98]
	Organometallic Nanocomposite		Pheophorbide-a(Ph-a)	Effective suppression of tumour growth in vivo	[99]
	Nanohybrid bio-hydrogel		CMC and poly(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid	Reduced the viability of melanoma cells in a dose and time-dependent manner by the generation of ROS and cell death	[100]
	Nanohybrid hydrogel	Doxorubicin	CMC	Killing of melanoma cells synergistically and antibacterial effect	[101]
	Nanocomposite	Cisplatin	PVP	Induction of both apoptosis and necrosis	[102]
Silver NPs and platinum NPs	Nanocomposite	-	-	Selective cytotoxicity of melanoma cells through enhanced permeability and retention in these cells	[2]
CTNPs	Ferroptosis-activating vaccine	-	OVA and melanoma B16-OVA membrane	Trigger ferroptosis and induction of immunogenic cell death through strong immune response in vivo	[110]
CuO2NPs	Nanocomposite	-	PVP	Transform endogenous H2O2 into highly toxic OH and glutathione (GSH)-scavenging for ROS-induced tumour cell death	[21]
Pt-NPs	Nanocomposite	Doxorubicin	PEG	inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and induced apoptosis of cancer cells	[113]
Pt mesoporous NPs (Pt-MNPs)	NPs	-	---	Low melanoma cell viability (L1 %) due to significant generation of ROS	[119]
Silica NPs	Nanocomplex	Curcumin	-	Higher cancerous cell death due to the formation ROS	[125]
Mesoporous silica NPs	Nanocomplex	Verteporfin	-	Selectively reduced cancer cell proliferation	[28]
Mesoporous-silica NPs	NPs	-	-	Selective tumour growth inhibition due to higher amount ROS formation	[126]
PEGylated Silica NPs	Core-shell NPs	-	PEG and αvβ3-integrin melanoma targeting peptides	Precise targeting and induced ferroptosis in starved cancer cells	[127]
Mesoporous silica NPs	2D core-shell nanosystem with silica layer	Cisplatin	-	Synergistic pyroptosis and hyperthermia of melanoma carcinoma	[129]
MCM	NPs	Quercetin	-	Improves stability of quercetin and enhanced quercetin penetration across skin	[130]
Gold NPs and mesoporous silica NPs	Gold nanoshell on rod-like mesoporous silica NPs	-	-	Effective penetration into melanoma tissues and potential ablation of malignant melanoma cells	[128]
TiO2 NPs	Nanocomposite	Curcumin	-	DNA damage, apoptosis and stopping the cells at the G2/M phase	[135]
Iron NPs	MPN nanocomposite	Cabazitaxel	Chitosan	Higher retention time in tumor tissues and thereby significant reduction of tumor growth	[144]
	MPN nanocomposite	Gallic acid	Hyaluronic acid	Synergistic therapy (PDT and CDT) against melanoma due to the generation of ROS	[145]
	Nanocomposite - hydrogel	Polydopamine-Fe(III)-doxorubicin NP	Alginate	Significant inhibition of proliferation and migration of melanoma cells due to hyperthermia. It also induces skin generation.	[146]
SWCNTs	Nanovector	Doxorubicin	-	Ceased the tumour growth without producing systemic side effects	[154]
MWCNTs	Nanocomposite	Polypyrrole	-	Concentration-dependent cytotoxicity with a cell viability of 8.9% due to hyperthermia	[155]
rGO	Nanocomposite hydrogel	5-fluorouracil	CMARX	Significant anticancer activities and antibacterial activities	[167]
nGO	Nanocomposite sheets	Dacarbazine	Chitosan oligosaccharide and CD47 antibody	Simultaneous induction of apoptosis through the mitochondria apoptosis pathway	[168]
Graphene	Nanotransporter	Fluorescence protein expression plasmid DNA (pDNA)	Magnetic NPs and PEI	Efficient delivery of pDNA into the melanoma cells through condensation	[169]
Nano-diamonds	NPs	-	-	Potential reduction of the metastasis through inhibition of the migration of Hela cells	[170]
Polymeric nanocapsules	NPs	Curcumin	PBA and AEMA	Selectively killed more than 90% of human malignant melanoma cells	[183]
	Hybrid NPs	Vitamin D3	PLGA and hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and 1,2-disteroyl-sn-glycero-3-phospha ethanolamine-N[succinyl (PEG)-2000	Target B16 melanoma cells efficiently	[184]
	NPs	Celecoxib and afuresertib	PLGA, PEG and targeting peptide IL4RPep-1	Enhancement of apoptosis and regulation of M2 macrophages in tumor cells to reprogram M1 macrophages	[185]
Dendrimers	Nanoconjugates	Temozolomide	PAMAM-PEG-GE11-HA	Targeting towards A375 human melanoma cell	[189]
	Core-shell nanomicelles	Dabrafenib and vemurafenib	G2 PAMAM head and C18 aliphatic chains	Release of drugs enhanced at acidic pH 5.0 and enhanced antimelanoma response	[7]
Polymeric micelles	Nanomicelleles	Doxorubicin	mPEG-b-PLAGA and IR-768	Triggered synergistic anticancer effect in melanoma cells	[192]
Nanogel	Nanogel	GOX	FBMA and OEGMA (poly(FBMA-co-OEGMA)	Improved antimelanoma efficacy without systemic toxicity due to the confinement of GOX to only tumour region	[197]
	Thermosensitive nano-hydrogel	PP-NPs containing deferasirox	Agarose and TMPO-oxidized lignocellulose	Dose-dependent cytotoxicity	[198]
Liposomes	Liposomes + Vaccines	Celecoxib	Dendritic cell vaccines pulsed with gp100 peptide	Tumour growth inhibition and overall survival	[207]
	Chitosan coated liposomes	Indocyanine green	Chitosan	Higher cellular uptake and photocytotoxicity of melanoma cells due to high skin permeability	[208]
	HA-coated liposomes	Dacarbazine and eugenol	HA	Higher cytotoxicity against melanoma cells along with significantly higher inhibition of cell migration and proliferation	[209]
	AS1411 aptamer functionalized liposomes	5-fluorouracil	AS1411 aptamer	Higher efficiency in terms of in vitro cell viability, apoptotic effects and targeting capability	[210]
	-	-	-	Tool to enrich the blood proteomic analysis	[211]
Niosomes	-	5-fluorouracil	-	Improved the stability and enhanced the skin permeation ability	[214]
Ethosomes and transferosome	-	Sulforaphane	-	Higher skin permeability and improved anticancer activity due to antiproliferative activity	[215]
SLNs	-	4NC and DETC	Beeswax	Higher cytotoxicity reduces cell viability	[11]
Exosomes	Ir-Fe@Exo	-	Ir-Fe NPs camouflage with melanoma exosomes	Full eradication of melanoma tumour with single treatment and prevent the metastasis	[229]
Gene therapy	Nanoworm	siRNA (siSuvivin)	Nanoerythrocytes	Protects siRNA and superior anti-melanoma effect	[232]