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. 2024 Mar 13;13(6):826. doi: 10.3390/plants13060826

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Molecular mechanisms behind cereal/oilseed–AMF interaction responses to abiotic stresses. After their perception, abiotic stress signals are transduced in the cytoplasm of the mycorrhizal plant cell where they induce the production of ROS by many organelles such as mitochondrion, chloroplast, and peroxisome [48,49]. The accumulation of ROS triggers the activation of various transcription factors that regulate the expression of abiotic stress-responsive genes, thereby stimulating many functioning pathways including stomatal regulation, aquaporin biosynthesis, antioxidant defense system, hormone signaling, and osmoprotectant molecules, leading the improved plant tolerance to abiotic stress [122]. ABA: abscissic acid; ADC: arginine decarboxylase; ERF: ethylene-responsive factors; HMA: heavy metal ATPase; HKT: high-affinity K+ transporter; IAA: indole-3-acetic acid; IPS: D-myo-inositol-3-phosphate synthase; 14-3GF: 14-3-3-like protein GF14; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; NIP: nodulin 26-like intrinsic protein; NRAMP: natural resistance-associated macrophage protein; P5CS: pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetas; PHT: phosphate transporter; PIP: plasma membrane intrinsic protein; SOS: overly sensitive; TIP: tonoplast intrinsic protein; ZIP: zrt/irt-like protein.