Table 1.
Relevant studies on neuromodulation, neurofeedback training, and precision sports.
| Authors | Year | Topic | Precision Sports | Sample Description | NFT Protocol |
Results Obtained |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Landers, et al. [37] |
1991 | The influence of electrocortical biofeedback on performance in pre-elite archers. | Archery | Pre-elite archers |
Electrocortical biofeedback |
Enhanced performance and concentration |
| Landers, et al. [38] |
1994 | Effects of learning on EEG and ECG patterns in novice archers. | Archery | Novice archers |
EEG and ECG biofeedback |
Better learning outcomes and physiological control |
| Loze, et al. [39] |
2001 | Pre-shot EEG alpha-power reactivity during expert air-pistol shooting. | Shooting | Expert shooters |
EEG alpha power |
Higher accuracy in best vs. worst shots |
| Lee [40] |
2009 | Evaluation of attention and relaxation levels of archers using brain wave analysis. | Archery | Archers | Brain wave analysis |
Improved focus and relaxation |
| Chang, et al. [41] |
2011 | Neural correlates of motor imagery for elite archers. | Archery | Elite archers |
Motor imagery |
Enhanced mental preparation and performance |
| Paul, et al. [42] |
2012 | Effect of SMR neurofeedback on psychophysiological measures and performance of archery players. |
Archery | Archery players |
SMR neurofeedback |
Improved psychophysiological measures and performance |
| Callan & Naito [43] | 2014 | Neural processes distinguishing elite from expert and novice athletes. | Various | Athletes (various sports) |
N/A | Differentiated neural processes by skill level |
| Kim, et al. [44] |
2014 | fMRI study of brain activity differences among elite, expert, and novice archers. | Archery | Archers (various skill levels) |
N/A | Identified brain activity correlates of skill level |
| Cheng, et al. [45] |
2015 | Sensorimotor Rhythm Neurofeedback Enhances Golf Putting Performance |
Golf Putting |
Pre-elite and elite golfers | Sensorimotor Rhythm (SMR) Neurofeedback Training (NFT) | Improved putting performance and increased SMR activity |
| Cheng, et al. [46] |
2017 | Higher sensorimotor rhythm power associated with better performance in shooters. | Shooting | Skilled shooters |
Sensorimotor rhythm neurofeedback | Improved shooting performance |
| Kakhaki & Taheri [47] |
2017 | Bio/neurofeedback training’s effect on performance, attention in elite shooters. | Shooting | Elite shooters |
Bio/neurofeedback | Enhanced attention and performance |
| Mikicin, et al. [2] |
2018 | Effects of neurofeedback–EEG training on the level of attention and arousal control in sports shooters. | Shooting | Sports shooters |
Neurofeedback–EEG training | Enhanced attention and arousal control |
| Christie, et al. [48] |
2020 | The effect of an integrated neurofeedback and biofeedback training intervention on ice hockey shooting performance. | Ice Hockey | Ice hockey players |
Integrated neurofeedback and biofeedback |
Improved ice hockey shooting performance |
| Gong, et al. [49] |
2020 | Efficacy, trainability, and neuroplasticity of SMR vs. alpha rhythm in enhancing shooting performance through neurofeedback training | Shooting | Students with basic pistol shooting skills | SMR (Sensorimotor Rhythm) vs. Alpha rhythm neurofeedback training | Improved shooting performance in the SMR group, decreased performance in the Alpha group |
| Gong, et al. [32] |
2021 | Review of neurofeedback training for sport performance from user experience perspective. | Various | Athletes | Various NFT protocols |
Positive user experience and performance improvement suggestions |
| Chen, et al. [27] |
2022 | Effects of the function-specific instruction approach to neurofeedback training on frontal midline theta waves and golf putting performance. | Golf | Golfers | Function-specific instruction | Improved golf putting performance |
| Gu, et al. [50] |
2022 | Research on top archer’s EEG network topology from expert to elite. | Archery | Top archers | EEG network analysis |
Insights into neural basis of elite performance |
| Cheng, et al. [51] |
2023 | QEEG markers of superior shooting performance in skilled marksmen. |
Shooting | Skilled marksmen |
QEEG analysis |
Identified EEG markers linked to superior performance |
| Hatami, et al. [52] |
2023 | The effects of EEG-based neurofeedback training on learning air rifle shooting in novices. | Air Rifle Shooting | Novices in air rifle shooting | EEG-based neurofeedback | Enhanced learning of air rifle shooting |
| Kavianipoor, et al. [53] | 2023 | Neurofeedback training’s effect on attention and dart-throwing performance with anxiety. | Dart throwing |
Individuals with anxiety | Neurofeedback | Improved executive control and performance |
| Mutang, et al. [54] |
2023 | SMR neurofeedback training on anxiety in archers. | Archery | Archers with anxiety |
SMR Neurofeedback |
Reduced anxiety and improved performance |
| Toolis, et al. [55] |
2023 | Neurofeedback training effects on shooting performance and attentional focus in biathletes. | Biathlon | Experienced biathletes |
Neurofeedback | Enhanced focus and performance |
“N/A” stands for “Not Available”.