Table 4.

The role of AI in the key technologies for 6G deployment.

Key Technologies for 6G Deployment	The Role of AI and ML in the Key Technologies
Terahertz communication	Terahertz communication in 6G networks promises faster and more efficient data transmission, aided by AI’s ability to optimize signal processing and security measures. Through real-time adaptation of transmission parameters, AI enhances network performance and mitigates signal attenuation, ensuring robust and secure wireless communication [157].
Ultra-massive MIMO	AI algorithms dynamically adjust antenna configurations and predict user demand patterns, maximizing spectral efficiency and user throughput. This synergy between AI and ultra-massive MIMO enhances network coverage and reliability while mitigating interference for improved quality of service [158].
Beamforming	AI-driven beamforming techniques enhance spectral efficiency and mitigate multi-path fading, ensuring seamless connectivity and reliability in dynamic urban environments [159].
Cell-free massive MIMO	Cell-free massive MIMO, characterized by deploying numerous antennas across an area to enhance wireless communication efficiency, leverage AI for various crucial tasks. AI algorithms are utilized for resource allocation, interference coordination, and user scheduling to maximize network capacity and mitigate interference effectively [160].
Millimeter waves	AI algorithms dynamically adjust transmission parameters and predict channel blockage events, ensuring reliable connectivity and maximizing data rates in millimeter-wave communication [161].
Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces	The role of AI in reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) is instrumental in optimizing their configuration for efficient signal reflection and amplification, thereby enhancing network coverage and capacity. AI algorithms adaptively adjust RIS configurations based on changing environmental conditions and user demands, optimizing energy efficiency and spectral utilization for improved network performance [162].
Quantum communication	Quantum communication in 6G networks is enhanced by AI’s optimization of quantum key distribution protocols and network management systems. AI algorithms optimize encoding strategies and automate key distribution tasks, ensuring secure and reliable data transmission over quantum communication channels [163].
UAV/satellite communication	UAV/satellite communication benefits from AI-driven optimization of trajectories and resource allocation, ensuring seamless connectivity in remote areas by predicting user demand patterns and dynamically allocating resources, enhancing network coverage and reliability for improved access to high-speed internet and data services [164].