Table 3.

Exploring the Impact of Ochratoxin (OTA) on the Health and Productivity of Chickens: A Review of Previous Scientific Findings.

Ochratoxin	Treatment	Experimental Period	Impacts/Chicken Type	Publication Date	References
Feed Efficiency and Growth Performance	0.4 or 0.8 mg/kg	35-d	Decrease in FI and BW/Broiler	2006	[128]
	5 mg/kg	365-d	Decrease in EPR and EW/Layer	2010	[129]
	0.05 mg/kg	28-d	Decrease in BWG/Broiler	2015	[130]
	0.1 mg/kg	42-d	Decrease in BW/Broiler	2016	[131]
	0.5 and 1 mg/kg	35-d	Reduced in FI and GR/Broiler	2021	[16]
Antioxidants status	1 mg/kg	24-h	Increase in MDA, mRNA expression of apoptosis-associated genes, and apoptosis rate; decrease in SOD, and GSH levels/Broiler	2018	[132]
	106,654 and 1126 µg/kg	21-d	Increase in liver and kidney MDA, GSH in blood plasma and liver/Broiler	2019	[133]
	50 µg/kg	21-d	Increase in kidney MDA and decrease in GSH, SOD, CAT (m-RNA expression), SOD (m-RNA expression) and GSH-Px (m-RNA expression)./Broiler	2020	[134]
Blood Parameters	1 mg/kg	1-d	Increase in AST and ALT/Broiler	2018	[132]
	3 mg/kg	10-d	Increase in blood Glu, U.A, ALT and AST/Broiler	2021	[135]
Internal organs	2.5 mg/kg	21-d	An increase in kidney weight/Broiler	1999	[136]
	0.4 or 0.8 mg/kg	35-d	An increase in gizzard mass/Broiler	2006	[128]
	0.05 mg/kg	28-d	Changes in the anatomy of the intestinal mucosa/Broiler	2015	[130]
	0.1 mg/kg	42-d	OTA residues in the liver and increase weight/Broiler	2016	[131]
	3 mg/kg	10-d	Hemorrhages on the epicardium and duodenal mucosa, catarrhal enteritis/Broiler	2021	[135]

BW = body weight; BWG = body weight gain; FI = feed intake; EPR = egg production rate; EW = egg weight; GR = growth rate; MDA = malondialdehyde; GSH = glutathione; SOD = superoxide dismutase; GSH-Px = glutathione peroxidase; AST = aspartate aminotransferase; ALT = alanine aminotransferase; Glu = glucose; U.A = uric acid; OTA = Ochratoxin A.