Table 2.

Pseudouridine-sensitive RNA-protein interactions.

Pseudouridine-sensitive protein-RNA interactions
Protein	Level of Evidence	Effects	Hypothesized Function of Ψ	References
RNase L	Fully Ψ-substituteda exogenous mRNA delivered to mammalian cells	-	Prevent RNA degradation	[60]
RNase E	Artificialb single Ψ in vitro	-	Prevent RNA degradation	[61]
PRP5	Ψ removal by writer enzyme deletion in yeast	Ψ increased binding presumably through structure effects	Spliceosome assembly	[69]
MetRS	In vitro oligo binding assay and in vivo Ψ-to-C mutation in yeast	Ψ increased binding	Translation	[64]
U2AF2	Artificial substitution of Ψ at specific locations of polypyrimidine tract in vitro	Ψ decreased binding due to rigidification of backbone	Splice site recognition	[65]
MBNL1	Artificial addition of Ψ in binding site in vitro[67]	Ψ decreased binding due to rigidification of backbone	-	[67]
PUM2	Artificial addition of Ψ in binding site in vitro[68]	Ψ decreased binding	-	[68]
RIG-I	Fully Ψ substituted RNA in vitro	Ψ increased binding and suppressed filament formation[62,63]	Prevent innate immune activation	[62,63]

^{a -}Fully Ψ-substituted = 100% of U’s replaced with Ψ during in vitro transcription.

^{b -}Artificial Ψ = Ψ has not been demonstrated to exist in endogenous contexts, but site-specific and 100% modified at that location.