Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the sample of opioid-treated chronic pain patients randomized to Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement (MORE) or Supportive Psychotherapy (N = 230).
| Measure | MORE (n=116) | Supportive Psychotherapy (n=114) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
| Age | 56.4 | 12.9 | 58.6 | 10.4 |
|
| ||||
| N | % | |||
|
| ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Male, N (%) | 97 | 83.6 | 94 | 82.5 |
| Female, N (%) | 17 | 14.6 | 19 | 16.6 |
| Transgender, N (%) | 2 | 1.7 | 1 | 0.8 |
| Sexual Orientation | ||||
| Heterosexual | 111 | 95.7 | 103 | 90.4 |
| Gay or lesbian | 1 | 0.9 | 3 | 2.6 |
| Bisexual | 3 | 2.6 | 3 | 2.6 |
| Other | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.9 |
| No answer | 1 | 0.9 | 4 | 3.5 |
| Race | ||||
| White | 102 | 87.9 | 95 | 83.3 |
| Black or African American | 6 | 5.2 | 5 | 4.4 |
| Hispanic or Latino | 3 | 2.5 | 4 | 3.5 |
| Native American or Alaskan Native | 2 | 1.7 | 4 | 3.5 |
| Other or No Answer | 2 | 1.7 | 6 | 5.3 |
| Highest Level of Education, N (%) | ||||
| Did not complete high school | 2 | 1.7 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Completed high school | 54 | 46.6 | 38 | 33.3 |
| College degree or greater | 59 | 50.9 | 63 | 55.3 |
| Missing | 1 | 0.8 | 4 | 3.5 |
| Estimated Household Income, N (%) | ||||
| Less than $25,000 | 24 | 20.7 | 28 | 24.6 |
| $25,000–49,999 | 39 | 33.6 | 27 | 23.7 |
| $50,000–99,999 | 32 | 27.6 | 43 | 37.7 |
| $100,000 or Greater | 10 | 8.6 | 12 | 10.5 |
| Missing | 1 | 0.8 | 4 | 3.5 |
| Pain Condition/Location, N (%)* | ||||
| Back Pain | 90 | 77.6 | 96 | 84.2 |
| Osteoarthritis Pain | 63 | 56.9 | 53 | 46.5 |
| Cervical Pain | 17 | 14.7 | 19 | 16.7 |
| Neuropathic Pain | 14 | 12.1 | 8 | 7.0 |
| Fibromyalgia | 11 | 9.5 | 9 | 7.9 |
| Migraine or Tension Headache | 8 | 6.9 | 7 | 6.1 |
| Pain | ||||
| Extremity Pain | 6 | 5.2 | 8 | 7.0 |
| Other | 3 | 2.3 | 7 | 6.1 |
| Opioid Prescription, N (%)* | ||||
| Oxycodone | 37 | 31.9 | 39 | 34.2 |
| Hydrocodone | 20 | 17.2 | 28 | 24.5 |
| Tramadol | 42 | 36.2 | 34 | 29.8 |
| Morphine | 18 | 15.5 | 20 | 17.5 |
| Buprenorphine | 11 | 9.5 | 11 | 9.6 |
| Methadone | 5 | 4.3 | 7 | 6.1 |
| Other | 3 | 2.6 | 4 | 3.5 |
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
|
| ||||
| Pain Severity (0–10), BPI | 5.6 | 1.6 | 5.5 | 1.5 |
| Pain Duration in Years | 17.9 | 12.3 | 20.8 | 12.8 |
| Duration of Opioid Use in Years | 9.8 (7.4) | 7.4 | 11.3 | 8.7 |
| Morphine Equivalent Daily Dose, mg. [IQR] | 104.3 [11.7, 90.0] | 186.9 | 106.3 [13.0, 83.3] | 222.0 |
| Opioid Misuse, COMM Score | 14.2 | 8.4 | 12.7 | 7.2 |
| Opioid Craving (0–10) | 4.5 | 3.1 | 3.6 | 3.2 |
| N | % | N | % | |
|
| ||||
| Opioid Use Disorder | 39 | 33.6 | 40 | 35.1 |
| Alcohol/Non-opioid Substance Use | 12 | 10.3 | 17 | 14.9 |
| Disorder | ||||
| Major Depressive Disorder | 71 | 61.7 | 68 | 59.6 |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | 24 | 20.6 | 11 | 9.7 |
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder | 24 | 20.6 | 20 | 17.4 |
| Veteran Status | 106 | 91.4 | 103 | 90.4 |
| Current Military Status | 10 | 8.6 | 11 | 9.6 |
Participants self-reported demographic information (e.g., gender). Data are mean (SD) or n (%). IQR = interquartile range [25th %tile, 75th %tile]. BPI = Brief Pain Inventory. COMM = Current Opioid Misuse Measure.
*
Note - Because patients could report multiple pain conditions/ locations and opioid prescriptions, these percentages could sum to greater than 100%. IQR = interquartile range.