Table 1.
Characteristics of participants according to HAP at baseline
| Variables | CHARLS | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Total sample | Clean fuel | Solid fuel | |
| Total sample | 15,643 (100.0) | 7230 (46.2) | 8413 (53.8) |
| Age, years | |||
| 45–59 | 8632 (55.2) | 4341 (60.0) | 4291 (51.0) |
| ≥ 60 | 7011 (44.8) | 2889 (40.0) | 4122 (49.0) |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 7454 (47.7) | 3437 (47.5) | 4017 (47.7) |
| Female | 8189 (52.3) | 3793 (52.5) | 4396 (52.3) |
| Residence | |||
| Rural | 11,993 (76.7) | 4093 (56.6) | 7900 (93.9) |
| Urban | 3650 (23.3) | 3137 (43.4) | 513 (6.1) |
| Marital status | |||
| Married | 13,629 (87.1) | 6340 (87.7) | 7289 (86.6) |
| Unmarried | 2014 (12.9) | 890 (12.3) | 1124 (13.4) |
| Educational level | |||
| Middle school below | 10,472 (66.9) | 3929 (54.3) | 6543 (77.8) |
| Middle school and above | 5171 (33.1) | 3301 (45.7) | 1870 (22.2) |
| Family wealth | |||
| Low | 7674 (49.1) | 3288 (45.5) | 4386 (52.1) |
| High | 7969 (50.9) | 3942 (54.5) | 4027 (47.9) |
| Smoking | |||
| No | 9491 (60.7) | 4527 (62.6) | 4964 (59.0) |
| Yes | 6152 (39.3) | 2703 (37.4) | 3449 (41.0) |
| Drinking | |||
| No | 10,547 (67.4) | 4822 (66.7) | 5725 (68.0) |
| Yes | 5096 (32.6) | 2408 (33.3) | 2688 (32.0) |
| Exercise | |||
| Hardly | 9101 (58.2) | 3933 (54.4) | 5168 (61.4) |
| Regularly | 6542 (41.8) | 3297 (45.6) | 3245 (38.6) |
| Chronic diseases | |||
| No | 4989 (31.9) | 2430 (33.6) | 2559 (30.4) |
| Yes | 10,654 (68.1) | 4800 (66.4) | 5854 (69.6) |
| Hearing impairment | |||
| No | 13,443 (85.9) | 6488 (89.7) | 6955 (82.7) |
| Yes | 2200 (14.1) | 742 (10.3) | 1458 (17.3) |
| Vision impairment | |||
| No | 10,181 (65.1) | 5107 (70.6) | 5074 (60.3) |
| Yes | 5462 (34.9) | 2123 (29.4) | 3339 (39.7) |
| Sensory impairment | |||
| No | 9324 (59.6) | 4772 (66.0) | 4552 (54.1) |
| Single | 4976 (31.8) | 2051 (28.4) | 2925 (34.8) |
| Dual | 1343 (8.6) | 407 (5.6) | 936 (11.1) |