Table 2.

Effects of the Leadership and Organizational Change for Implementation (LOCI) strategy versus control on clinic leadership and clinic implementation climate by time

	Time 2 (4 months)		Time 3 (8 months)		Time 4 (12 months)		Time 5 (18 months)
	d	95% CI	d	95% CI	d	95% CI	d	95% CI
Implementation leadershipa (α = 0.97)	1.17	0.85, 1.49	1.34	0.94, 1.73	1.18	0.69, 1.66	0.97	0.32, 1.62
Transformational leadershipb (α = 0.98)	0.31	0.05, 0.58	0.27	− 0.01, 0.55	0.21	− 0.10, 0.55	0.15	− 0.23, 0.52
Clinic implementation climatec (α = 0.91)	0.98	0.63, 1.33	1.25	0.86, 1.63	0.98	0.55, 1.41	0.76	0.23, 1.28

Note: Reliability coefficients calculated as Cronbach’s alpha. Cohen d effect sizes express the standardized mean difference in change from baseline to the referenced time point, contrasting clinics assigned to LOCI versus control (training and technical assistance only). Effect sizes generated based on linear mixed-effect models and formulas by Feingold [86]; bolded values are statistically significant at p < .05. CI confidence interval

^aK = 21 clinics, N = 248 clinicians, J = 803 observations

^bK = 21 clinics, N = 251 clinicians, and J = 810 observations

^cK = 21 clinics, N = 247 clinicians, and J = 809 observations