Table 1.

Role of HIF-1α in different pathogenic microbial infections

Pathogenic microorganism	Model	The role of HIF-1α in infections	References
Bacteria
Escherichia coli	UTI model	Promotes the production of NO and antimicrobial peptides	[71]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Keratitis model	Enhances the activation of inflammatory cells, production of antimicrobial peptides, and ability to kill bacteria	[72]
Klebsiella pneumoniae	Pneumonia model	HIF-1α is a susceptibility factor for bacterial invasion during pneumonia	[73]
Clostridium difficile	Ileal loop model	Protects the intestinal mucosa from C difficile toxins	[74]
Staphylococcus aureus	Kidney abscesses model	Participation in abscess formation	[75]
Streptococcus pneumoniae	Pneumonia model	No significant impact	[76]
Salmonella Typhimurium	Salmonella infection model	No significant impact	[77]
Viruses
BKV	Kidney tissue samples	bind the BKV promoter and enhance BKV replication	[78]
RSV	Primary human small alveolar epithelial cells	RSV replication and the glycolytic pathway	[79]
DENV	Primary monocytes	Enhance antibody‐dependent DENV infection in monocytic cells	[80]
HBV	Liver-derived cell	Increases HBV RNA transcript levels, core protein levels, cytoplasmic localization of core protein, and replication of the HBV	[81]
VACV	HEK293T cell	Involved in virus-induced hypoxic responses	[61]
SARS-CoV-2	PBMCs	Virus replication and monocyte cytokine production	[82]
Fungi
Aspergillus fumigatus	A549 cells and mouse airway cells	Upregulation induces pro-inflammatory factors	[70]
Candida albicans	CA-colonized mice	Inhibits Candida albicans colonization	[69]

BKV BK polyomavirus, CA Candida albicans, DENV Dengue virus, HBV hepatitis B virus, NO nitric oxide, PBMCs Peripheral blood mononuclear cells, RSV respiratory syncytial virus, UTI urinary tract infections, VACV Vaccinia Virus