Table 3.

Medications for treating sepsis and its complications by increasing HIF-1α expression

Drug Names	The role of HIF-1α	Modulation of HIF-1α	Model	References
Rabeprazole	Facilitates vascular repair and resolution of lung injury	Up (directly HIF-1α pathway)	LPS-induced sepsis mouse	[36]
Roxadustat	Mitigates sepsis-induced acute lung injury	Up (PHD inhibitor)	I/R-induced AKI mouse mice	[37]
Acetate	Improved killing of S. pneumoniae by alveolar macrophages	Up (directly HIF-1α pathway)	S. pneumoniae infection mouse model	[109]
DMOG	Reducing Clostridium difficile toxin-induced intestinal damage	Up (PHD inhibitor)	Mouse ileal loop model	[74]
AKB-4924	Enhances the cutaneous innate defenses against bacterial infections	Up (PHD inhibitor)	Mouse skin abscess model	[110]
Mimosine	Enhancement of the bactericidal capacity of phagocytes	Up (directly HIF-1α pathway)	S. aureus skin infection model	[111]
Edaravone	Exerts cardioprotective effects	Up (directlyHIF-1 α/HO-1 pathway)	CLP-induced sepsis rats	[112]
Phlorizin	Improve sepsis-induced cardiomyocyte injury	Up (induces the oxygen deprivation)	SIMD mouse model	[113]

AKI acute kidney injury, CLP cecal ligation and puncture, DMOG Dimethyloxaloylglycine, HCP Houttuynia cordata polysaccharide, I/R ischemia/reperfusion, Ref. reference, S. aureus Staphylococcus aureus, S. pneumoniae Streptococcus pneumoniae, SIMD Sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction