Table 2. Estimated coefficients in mixed effects linear regression models of deaths in children younger than 5 years, 1990–2019.
| Variable | Coefficient (95% CI) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Single vaccine includeda | Eight vaccines included | Nine control variables included, but no vaccines | Eight vaccines and nine control variables included | |
| DTP3 vaccine | −0.461 (−0.512 to −0.410) | −0.442 (−0.536 to −0.348) | NA | −0.218 (−0.299 to −0.137) |
| Measles vaccine | −0.409 (−0.462 to −0.356) | −0.191 (−0.258 to −0.123) | NA | −0.176 (−0.233 to −0.119) |
| Rotavirus vaccine | −0.081 (−0.101 to −0.060) | −0.071 (−0.092 to −0.050) | NA | −0.054 (−0.072 to −0.036) |
| Hib3 vaccine | −0.074 (−0.091 to –0.057) | −0.055 (−0.072 to −0.039) | NA | −0.030 (−0.044 to −0.015) |
| Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, three doses | −0.034 (−0.052 to −0.015) | −0.008 (−0.027 to 0.011) | NA | −0.002 (−0.018 to 0.014) |
| Hepatitis B vaccine, three doses | −0.094 (−0.113 to −0.076) | −0.042 (−0.061 to −0.023) | NA | −0.002 (−0.018 to 0.014) |
| Polio vaccine, three doses | −0.354 (−0.408 to −0.300) | 0.172 (0.079 to 0.265) | NA | 0.054 (−0.026 to 0.135) |
| BCG vaccine | −0.084 (−0.117 to −0.052) | 0.022 (−0.012 to 0.055) | NA | −0.019 (−0.009 to 0.048) |
| Underweight women of reproductive age | NA | NA | 0.420 (0.034 to 0.807) | 0.318 (−0.066 to 0.701) |
| Child underweight | NA | NA | 10.030 (7.626 to 12.434) | 7.584 (5.157 to 10.012) |
| Crisis events | NA | NA | 0.044 (0.031 to 0.057) | 0.036 (0.024 to 0.049) |
| Antibiotics for lower respiratory infections | NA | NA | −2.121 (−2.275 to −1.968) | −1.983 (−2.134 to −1.831) |
| Child HIV death rate (per 100 000 children) | NA | NA | 0.002 (0.002 to 0.003) | 0.002 (0.002 to 0.003) |
| Women's education (years) | NA | NA | −0.055 (−0.064 to −0.046) | −0.061 (−0.070 to −0.052) |
| Lagged distributed income (US$) | NA | NA | −0.081 (−0.100 to −0.062) | −0.096 (−0.114 to −0.077) |
| In-facility delivery, proportion | NA | NA | −0.310 (−0.369 to −0.251) | −0.249 (−0.308 to −0.190) |
| Air pollution (PM2.5) | NA | NA | −0.001 (−0.003 to 0.000) | −0.001 (−0.003 to 0.000) |
BCG: bacillus Calmette–Guérin; CI: confidence interval; DTP3: diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis vaccine three doses; Hib3: Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine three doses; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; NA: not applicable; PM: particulate matter; US$: United States dollars.
a We constructed separate models for each vaccine.