Table 1. Recommendations for stronger AI regulation, organized by type of oversight, that protect the principles espoused by the OSTP and are enforceable.

Guiding examples are provided, when available.

Type of Oversight	Recommendation	Examples
Policy Synthesis and Coordination	Convene expert panel to provide recommendations and for the oversight of AI and synthesize existing guidance; update existing National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity (NSABB) mandate to include biosecurity risks posed by AI	NSABB panel on gain-of-function research
	Create coordinated framework for regulating AI across diverse agencies	Coordinated Framework for Regulation of Biotechnology
Developer Review	Mandate certification of organizational excellence	FDA’s Software Precertification (Pre-Cert) Pilot Program
Funding	Set acceptable risk levels for federally fundable research	Risk stratification in the Artificial Intelligence Act (EU)
	Tie release of institutional funding to specialized review mechanisms	Stanford’s Ethics and Society Review
Research Review	Create specialized review mechanism for federally funded research	Embryonic Stem Cell Research Oversight Committee
	Require independent analytical validation of regulated AI products
Product Review	Provide clear guidance about approval processes for regulated AI products, including post-approval oversight	The FDA’s Good Machine Learning Practice for Medical Device Development: Guiding Principles
	Require independent clinical evaluation of regulated AI products
Clinical Implementation	Tie patent clocks to regulated AI products’ approval
	Mandate post-approval oversight, including evaluation of real-world performance and impact of continuous learning
	Establish reimbursement policies for AI-based medical services that prioritize safety, efficacy, and equity	Alternative payment models, value-based care
	Establish best practices for hospitals and providers, including accreditation, training requirements, assessment of competency and ongoing monitoring, that are subject to penalties	The Joint Commission
Dissemination	Mandate proof of specialized review for publication	International Committee of Journal Medical Editors requirement for statement about IRB approval