Table 4.
Group means, standard deviations, and significance of pairwise comparisons for group descriptive assessments and NWR tasks
| Dyslexia-only (N = 20) |
DLD-only (N = 40) |
DLD+dyslexia (N = 41) |
TD (N = 59) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Descriptive Assessments | ||||
| TOWRE-2 Scaled Score | 79.75a (7.33) |
101.28b* (10.16) |
72.90a (9.33) |
101.73b (10.67) |
| TOWRE-2 Sight Word Efficiency Scaled Score | 85.70a (12.37) |
104.46b* (9.39) |
79.41a (11.10) |
105.59b (10.63) |
| TOWRE-2 Phonemic Decoding Efficiency Scaled Score | 75.85a (6.30) |
97.87b* (11.58) |
67.54c (12.54) |
96.92b (10.35) |
| PPVT-4 Standard Score | 106.35a (8.24) |
92.30b (7.66) |
89.88b (10.87) |
106.52a* (10.34) |
| EVT-2 Standard Score | 101.40a (6.15) |
92.43b (7.28) |
85.66c (7.64) |
106.41a (8.21) |
| TONI-4 Index Score | 101.45a,c (10.67) |
100.49a* (9.90) |
94.63b (8.12) |
106.66c (8.82) |
| CTOPP-2 Memory for Digits Scaled Score | 9.60a,c (2.96) |
9.32a,d (2.14) |
7.93b (2.08) |
10.36c,d (2.38) |
| Nonword Repetition (NWR) Tasks | ||||
| CTOPP-2 Nonword Repetition Scaled Score | 5.95a,c (1.99) |
5.53a (1.76) |
4.07b (2.07) |
7.08c (2.25) |
| Overall Experimental Nonword Repetition Task Score | 19.30a,b (5.94) |
20.18a (6.85) |
15.20b (6.92) |
25.15c (5.63) |
(*)
Note. Planned pairwise comparisons were conducted using Tukey HSD test. Groups that share subscripts are not significantly different (p < 0.05). One participant did not receive the norm-referenced assessment. Sample number change indicated by.