Table 2.
Distribution of Characteristics Among Anti-HBc–Positive Persons by US Birthplace Status, United States NHANES 2013–2018
| Anti-HBc Positive US-Born |
Anti-HBc Positive Non-US–Born |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Sample Size, No. (%) |
Weighted % (95% CI) |
Sample Size, No. (%) |
Weighted % (95% CI) |
P Valuea |
| Overall | 545 | 2.6 (2.2–3.0) | 747 | 11.4 (9.6–13.5) | |
| Age group, y | <.001* | ||||
| Age known | 545 (100.0) | … | 747 (100.0) | … | |
| 6–29 | 34 | 6.1 (3.7–10.1) | 37 | 6.8 (4.8–9.6) | |
| 30–39 | 31 | 5.3 (3.5–8.0) | 80 | 15.4 (11.9–19.8) | |
| 40–49 | 47 | 10.9 (75–15.7) | 132 | 18.6 (14.9–23.0) | |
| 50–59 | 127 | 30.7 (23.8–38.5) | 169 | 24.7 (20.2–29.7) | |
| 60–69 | 184 | 29.1 (24.5–34.2) | 195 | 18.9 (15.5–22.7) | |
| 70+ | 122 | 17.8 (14.4–21.8) | 134 | 15.5 (12.6–19.0) | |
| Median age, y | 58.27 | 53.31 | .001 | ||
| Sex | .16 | ||||
| Sex known | 545 (100.0) | … | 747 (100.0) | … | |
| Male | 330 | 59.6 (53.1–65.8) | 396 | 54.9 (50.7–59.0) | |
| Female | 215 | 40.4 (34.2–46.9) | 351 | 45.1 (41.0–49.3) | |
| Race/ethnicity | <.001* | ||||
| Race/ethnicity known | 545 (100.0) | … | 747 (100.0) | … | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 162 | 58.1 (51.4–64.5) | 21 | 11.0 (5.0–22.6) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 296 | 31.2 (25.7–374) | 114 | 16.1 (11.5–22.1) | |
| Hispanic | 47 | 5.0 (3.3–75) | 145 | 19.0 (14.5–24.4) | |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 9 | 0.7 (.3–1.3) | 457 | 52.5 (44.3–60.5) | |
| Non-Hispanic other | 31 | 5.0 (3.3–77) | 10 | 1.3 (.7–2.5) | |
| Education levelb | .90 | ||||
| Education level known | 532 (97.6) | … | 736 (98.5) | … | |
| High school or less | 284 | 49.1 (41.3–56.9) | 384 | 49.6 (42.2–571) | |
| Some college or higher | 248 | 50.9 (43.1–58.7) | 352 | 50.4 (42.9–578) | |
| Marital statusb | <.001* | ||||
| Marital status known | 531 (974) | … | 737 (98.7) | … | |
| Never married | 106 | 18.6 (14.8–23.1) | 51 | 8.2 (6.4–10.5) | |
| Married/cohabitating | 234 | 50.0 (44.9–55.1) | 541 | 73.8 (70.0–773) | |
| Widowed, divorced, separated | 191 | 31.4 (272–36.0) | 145 | 18.0 (14.9–21.6) | |
| Annual family income | .02 | ||||
| Annual family income known | 503 (92.3) | … | 619 (82.9) | … | |
| <$20 000 | 208 | 34.2 (271–42.2) | 145 | 20.3 (16.1–25.2) | |
| $20 000–$34 999 | 118 | 19.8 (15.5–25.1) | 114 | 17.1 (13.3–21.7) | |
| $35 000–$54 999 | 61 | 13.9 (9.8–19.2) | 134 | 19.4 (15.7–23.7) | |
| $55 000–$74 999 | 40 | 8.1 (5.2–12.6) | 76 | 12.8 (9.0–179) | |
| $75 000+ | 76 | 23.9 (176–31.6) | 190 | 30.5 (22.2–40.2) | |
| Health insurance | .03* | ||||
| Health insurance known | 544 (99.8) | … | 743 (99.5) | … | |
| Private | 209 | 48.1 (40.5–55.7) | 334 | 44.4 (39.5–49.5) | |
| Medicare only | 145 | 19.4 (15.5–24.0) | 145 | 15.9 (12.5–19.9) | |
| Medicaid | 71 | 12.1 (8.4–173) | 65 | 8.3 (6.0–11.5) | |
| Other government | 44 | 6.7 (4.3–10.1) | 56 | 8.6 (6.5–11.3) | |
| No coverage or single service provider | 75 | 13.8 (9.4–19.7) | 143 | 22.8 (175–29.1) | |
| Injection drug use historyb | .001* | ||||
| Injection drug use history known | 344 (63.1) | … | 461 (61.7) | … | |
| Ever injection drug use | 40 | 11.7 (6.7–19.6) | 1 | 0.1 (.0–.6) | |
| Never injection drug use | 304 | 88.3 (80.4–93.3) | 460 | 99.9 (99.4–100.0) | |
| MSM historyb,c | .02* | ||||
| MSM history known | 158 (479) | 180 (45.5) | |||
| Ever an MSM | 31 | 28.3 (15.7–45.6) | 7 | 6.6 (2.3–172) | |
| Never an MSM | 127 | 71.7 (54.4–84.3) | 173 | 93.4 (82.8–977) | |
| Number of lifetime sexual partnersb,c | .002* | ||||
| Number of lifetime sexual partners known | 255 (46.8) | … | 318 (42.6) | … | |
| 0–1 | 21 | 12.0 (5.3–25.1) | 113 | 33.1 (274–39.4) | |
| 2–9 | 118 | 42.5 (33.9–51.6) | 154 | 47.2 (40.5–54.0) | |
| >10 | 116 | 45.4 (36.1–55.1) | 51 | 19.7 (13.1–28.5) | |
| Hepatitis B status | |||||
| Hepatitis B status known | 541 (99.3) | 743 (99.5) | .003* | ||
| Current infection, HBsAg positive | 23 | 4.1 (2.5–6.6) | 79 | 10.6 (8.3–13.3) | |
| Resolved infection, HBsAg negative and anti-HBs positive | 380 | 71.2 (65.0–76.6) | 522 | 71.2 (66.2–75.8) | |
| Isolated anti-HBc, HBsAg negative and anti-HBs negative | 138 | 24.7 (19.8–30.4) | 142 | 18.2 (14.2–23.0) | |
| Hepatitis A immunity status, anti-HAV | <.001* | ||||
| Hepatitis A immunity known | 543 (99.6) | … | 738 (98.8) | … | |
| Anti-HAV positive | 286 | 42.3 (36.3–48.6) | 659 | 89.7 (872–91.8) | |
| Anti-HAV negative | 257 | 57.7 (51.4–63.7) | 79 | 10.3 (8.2–12.8) | |
Unless otherwise noted, data are among persons aged 6 years or older who were anti-HBc positive, stratified by US place of birth status, United States, NHANES 2013–2018. *P <.05.
Abbreviations: anti-HAV, hepatitis A virus antibody; anti-HBc, total HBV core antibody; anti-HBs, hepatitis B surface antibody; CI, confidence interval; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; MSM, men who have sex with other men; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Wald χ2 test to assess differences in characteristics between US-born and foreign-born anti-HBc–positive persons.
Education level and marital status were assessed for persons aged 20+ years. Injection drug use history was assessed for persons aged 20–59 years during 2001–2006, persons aged 20–69 years during 2007– 2008, and persons aged 18–69 years during 2009–2018. MSM history was assessed for males aged 20–59 years during 2001–2006, aged 20–69 years during 2007–2008, and aged 18–69 years during 2009–2016. Number of lifetime sexual partners was assessed for persons aged 20–59 years during 2001–2006, persons aged 20–69 years during 2007–2008, and persons aged 18–69 years during 2009–2016.
NHANES 2017–2018 data not available.