Table 2.

Description of Studies with Racially/Ethnically Diverse Samples⁵ and Key Findings Related to Pap Testing

Citation	Race/ethnicities Included	How was race/ethnicity used?	Key findings related to race/ethnicity
Asgary, R., Naderi, R., & Wisnivesky, J. (2017). Opt-out patient navigation to improve breast and cervical cancer screening among homeless women. Journal of Women’s Health, 26(9), 999–1003. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2016.6066	Black, Hispanic, White, Other	Covariate	Having a female minority navigator with prior experience working with underserved community helped create better rapport for intervention.
Drew, J. A. R., & Short, S. E. (2010). Disability and pap smear receipt among U.S. Women, 2000 and 2005. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 42(4), 258–266. https://doi.org/10.1363/4225810	White, Black, Hispanic, Other	Covariate	Blacks and Hispanics had greater odds of having a Pap test than Whites.
Homer-Johnson, W., Dobbertin, K., Andresen, E. M., & Iezzoni, L. I. (2014). Breast and cervical cancer screening disparities associated with disability severity. Women’s Health Issues, 24(1), e147–e153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2013.10.009	Non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaskan native, non-Hispanic Asian/native Hawaiian/pacific islander, non-Hispanic multiple races, Hispanic of any race	Covariate	When controlling for other variables in the model, Asian/Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander women were less likely to comply with cervical cancer screening. Non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic women were more likely than non-Hispanic Whites to have an up-to-date Pap test.
Horner-Johnson, W., Dobbertin, K., & Iezzoni, L. I. (2015). Disparities in receipt of breast and cervical cancer screening for rural women age 18 to 64 with disabilities. Women’s Health Issues, 25(3), 246–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2015.02.004	Non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaskan native, non-Hispanic Asian/native Hawaiian/pacific islander, non-Hispanic multiple races, Hispanic of any race	Covariate	Black and Hispanic women had a higher adjusted odds ratio of reporting Pap testing, but Asian/Native Hawaiian/ Pacific Islander women were significantly less likely to be up to date with Pap testing.
Long, H. L., Tulsky, J. P., Chambers, D. B., Alpers, L. S., Robertson, M. J., Moss, A. R., & Chesney, M. A. (1998). Cancer screening in homeless women: Attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 9(3), 276–292. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2010.0070	White, Black, Hispanic, Native American, Asian, mixed	Covariate	Black race was associated with being current on Pap testing but not a statistically significant independent predictor of Pap testing.
Wei, W., Findley, P. A., & Sambamoorthi, U. (2006). Disability and receipt of clinical preventive services among women. Women’s Health Issues, 16(6), 286–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2006.09.002	African American, White, Latino, other	Covariate	Latina women were more likely than Whites to receive a Pap test.