Table 3.
Risk factors associated with cancer incidence and mortality among PLHIV.
| Risks for cancer incidence (N = 15 studies) | HIV infection/longer duration with HIV infection | Opportunistic infections | Increasing age/age > 45 years/age > 50 years | Low CD4/CD4 < 50/CD4 < 200 | Lack of viral load suppression | Male gender | Smoking/tobacco use | Clinical AIDS comorbidity | Cancer history | Absence of ART |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any cancer | 2 (13.3%) | — | 3 (20%) | 2 (13.3%) | — | 1 (6.7%) | 1 (6.7%) | 1 (6.7%) | — | 1 (6.7%) |
| ADCs | — | 1 (6.7%)∗ | — | 3 (20.0%) | 1 (6.7%) | — | — | — | 1 (6.7%)∗ | — |
| NADCs | 2 (13.3%) | — | 5 (33.3%) | 3 (20.0%) | — | 1 (6.7%) | 1 (6.7%) | — | — | 1 (6.7%) |
| Risks for cancer mortality (N = 7 studies) | Poor immune status | Lack of cancer treatment | Cancer staging 3 or 4/cancer progression/relapse | Increasing age/age > 45/>50/>55 years | Nadir CD4 < 200/CD4 < 100 | Failure to suppress HIV RNA/viral load > 400 | Time since HIV infection (>5 years) | Previous AIDS/AIDS comorbidity | Not on ART | Male gender |
| Any cancer | 1 (14.2%) ∗ | 1 (14.2%)∗ | 1 (14.2%)∗ | 2 (28.6%) | — | 2 (28.6%) | 1 (14.2%) | 1 (14.2%) | ||
| ADCs | — | — | — | — | 2 (28.6%) | — | — | — | — | 1 (14.2%) |
| NADCs | — | — | 1 (14.2%) | 2 (28.6%) | 2 (28.6%) | — | 1 (14.2%) | 2 (28.6%) | — | — |
∗Same study. PLHIV: people living with HIV; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; RNA: ribonucleic acid; ADCs: AIDS-defining cancers; NADCs: non-AIDS-defining cancers; ART: antiretroviral therapy.