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. 2024 Jan 11;48(4):449–460. doi: 10.1038/s41366-024-01460-3

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© The Author(s) 2024

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Fig. 1 — Fuel-generated NADH donates electrons to drive the ETC to convert ADP to ATP and generate ROS. This NADH is also converted to NADPH essential to remove ROS via NNT and peroxidases.