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. 2024 Jan 11;48(4):449–460. doi: 10.1038/s41366-024-01460-3

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — The Western Diet (left panel) per se is obesogenic. In addition (right panel), chemicals in food packaging, such as can linings, can contain obesogens (red) which can leach into the food. Many food additives, preservatives, emulsifiers, and antioxidants are obesogens. Many fruits and vegetables are sprayed with pesticides, and some residues remain on them. Potential obesogens are those with only in vitro data. Reviewed in [87, 146, 147].