FIGURE 3.

Functions and mechanisms of kinesin-7 CENP-E in cell division. (A) During mitosis, kinesins and microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) are involved in microtubule crosslinking, kinetochore fiber assembly, and chromosome alignment. (B) The G₁, S, G₂, and M phases in the cell cycle are regulated by a complex cell cycle control system. (C) CENP-E associates with the plus ends of k-fibers and promotes kinetochore-microtubule attachment. (D) CENP-E interacts with BubR1, NDC80, Mps1, and kinetochore proteins to mediate chromosome alignment during metaphase. (E) CENP-E can transport polar chromosome arms along microtubules during prometaphase. (F) Both the motor and tail domains of CENP-E can bind to antiparallel microtubules and crosslink microtubules during spindle assembly. (G) The spindle assembly checkpoint pathway in mitosis. The unattached kinetochores on misaligned chromosomes can result in the formation of the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC), including MAD1-MAD2, BUB3, CDC20, and BubR1 proteins, and then trigger the spindle assembly checkpoint. The checkpoint activates APC/C^CDC20, inhibits Securin and separase, and then inhibits chromosome separation and regulates metaphase-to-anaphase transition. (H) CENP-E also mediates the organization of spindle poles and regulates centrosome organization and stabilization.