Table 2.

Strength training combined with cycling

Author, year, study design	Hypothesis	Participants (training status, sample size and age in years ± SD)	Duration of intervention and training program overview	Main S, E, and fast-force production outcome(s)	Study conclusion	Quality rating
Schumann et al. (2015) [81] Order of S and E training in a single session was compared with performing S and E on separate days. Adaptations in females and males were compared	Starting concurrent training sessions with S training (rather than E training or performing S and E on separate days) may lead to compromised cardiorespiratory adaptations	Physically active females and males ES females (n = 15, 30 ± 5) SE females (n = 13, 29 ± 4) DD females (n = 18, 30 ± 8) ES males (n = 15, 30 ± 5) SE males (n = 13, 29 ± 4) DD males (n = 18, 30 ± 8)	24 weeks ES, SE, and DD = 2 × wk−1 during wk 1–12 and 2–3 × wk−1 during wk 13–24 E = low to moderate steady-state intensity progressing to high-intensity interval sessions including steady-state cycling and high-intensity interval sessions S = bilateral dynamic horizontal leg press, bilateral and unilateral dynamic knee extension and flexion + dynamic seated vertical press and lateral pulldown, crunches, torso rotation, and lower back extension. Starting with 2–4 sets of 15–20 reps at 40–60% 1 RM with 1-min inter-set rest to 2–5 sets of 3–5 reps at 85–95% of 1 RM with 3-min inter-set rest	1-RM leg press (kg): ES females: 102 ± 22 to 115 ± 23 SE females: 100 ± 18 to 116 ± 17 DD females: 88 ± 12 to 106 ± 14 ES males: 157 ± 30 to 175 ± 27 SE males: 143 ± 23 to 166 ± 20 DD males: 142 ± 24 to 159 ± 22 VO2peak (ml kg−1 min−1): ES females: 30.7 ± 3.8 to 34.0 ± 4.0 SE females: 33.8 ± 4.7 to 36.9 ± 4.8 DD females: 27.9 ± 5.8 to 34.7 ± 5.8 ES males: 42.2 ± 7.2 to 44.6 ± 5.1 SE males: 42.5 ± 7.0 to 45.3 ± 6.9 DD males: 36.2 ± 6.5 to 42.4 ± 6.6 No measures of fast-force production	Training S and E on different days may be superior for improving VO2peak in both males and females. Females may benefit from performing E prior to S due to superior improvements in submaximal VO2	11 = Moderate
Eklund et al. (2016) [82] Order of S and E training in a single session was compared with performing S and E on separate days. Adaptations in females and males were compared	No specific hypothesis	Previously untrained females and males ES females (n = 17, 29 ± 6) SE females (n = 15, 29 ± 4) DD females (n = 18, 30 ± 8) ES males (n = 17, 30 ± 6) SE males (n = 18, 30 ± 4) DD males (n = 21, 30 ± 6)	24 weeks ES, SE, and DD = 2 × wk−1 during wk 1–12 and 2–3 × wk−1 during wk 13–24 E = low to moderate steady-state intensity progressing to high-intensity interval sessions including steady-state cycling and high-intensity interval sessions S = bilateral dynamic horizontal leg press, bilateral and unilateral dynamic knee extension and flexion + dynamic seated vertical press and lateral pulldown, crunches, torso rotation, and lower back extension. Starting with 2–4 sets of 15–20 reps at 40–60% 1 RM with 1-min inter-set rest to 2–5 sets of 3–5 reps at 85–95% of 1 RM with 3-min inter-set rest	1-RM leg press: See Schumann et al. 2015 [81] VO2max: See Schumann et al. 2015 [81] No measures of fast-force production	All 3 CES training modes led to significant increases in S and E performance as well as lean body mass. Decreased body fat mass was observed only in DD	11 = Moderate
Eklund et al. (2016) [83] Order of S and E training in a single session was compared	No specific hypothesis	Previously untrained females ES (n = 15, 29 ± 6) SE (n = 14, 29 ± 4)	24 weeks 2 × wk−1 training + 12 wk of 5 × / 2 wk training S = (2–4 sets of 15–20 reps at ~ 60% 1 RM) + (2–5 × 8–12 at 80–85% of 1 RM, 1–2 min rest) + (2–5 × 3–5 at 85–95% of 1 RM, 3–4 min rest) of horizontal leg press, seated hamstring curls, and seated knee extensions + upper body and trunk E = low to moderate steady-state intensity progressing to high-intensity interval sessions including steady-state cycling and high-intensity interval sessions	1-RM leg press: See Schumann et al. 2015 [81] Wmax (significant in both groups): ES by 21 ± 10% from 170 ± 26 W SE by 16 ± 12% from 182 ± 27 W No measures of fast-force production	S, E performance and muscle CSA increased similarly regardless of training order over 24 wk. Previously untrained females can improve performance and increase muscle CSA utilizing either exercise order	11 = Moderate
Kyröläinen et al. (2018) [80] Concurrent S and E training was investigated in a population of untrained females	Physical fitness will improve, and some health biomarkers will change positively, while no changes were expected in body composition due to low training volume	Previously untrained females CES (n = 17, 27 ± 2)	9 weeks CES = 7 weeks of 2 S + 1 E followed by 2 wk of 2 E + 1 S, where E = indoor cycling starting with 30 min and progressing to 55 min at intensity of 85–91% VO2max and S = 5–15 reps of leg press, knee extension and flexion, toe rise, lateral pulldown, bench press, biceps curl, triceps curl, back extension, and abdominal curl	Maximal isometric leg press: CES: 1911 ± 182 to 2464 ± 240 N (28.9%) VO2max (ml kg−1 min−1): CES: + 8.5% Rate of force development was unchanged	CES can induce significant S, E, and health benefits such as improvements in total cholesterol	10 = Moderate

Values presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise noted

CES concurrent strength and endurance training in which the order of training is not specified or relevant to the research question, CSA cross-sectional area, DD strength and endurance training performed on different days, E endurance, ES endurance before strength training on the same day, reps repetitions, RM repetition maximum, S strength, SD standard deviation, SE strength before endurance on the same day, VO_2max maximal oxygen uptake (presented relative to body mass in milliliters per kilogram per minute), VO_2peak peak oxygen consumption (presented relative to body mass in milliliters per kilogram per minute, W_max maximal workload, W watts, wk week(s)