Table 2.

In vivo models or oral and gastrointestinal infections by Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Inoculation method	Endpoint	Other analysis	K. pneumoniae Strains	Type of animal model used	Animal strains	References
Water inoculation	GI tract colonization	Histological evaluation	Clinical isolates	Mice	C57BL/6J	Lau et al. (2008)
Intranasal inoculation	GI tract colonization		Clinical isolate	Mice	Swiss-Webster	Lau et al. (2008)
Oral administration	GI tract colonization; Oropharyngeal colonization; Fecal CFU count; Survival; Burden in the kidneys, liver and spleen	Histopathological evaluation; Cell proliferation and differentiation, Cytokine expression; Microbiome diversity; Serum LPS, bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels; Genotyping and expression levels; Body weight, Metabolomic analysis	Clinical isolates, B5055	Mice	BALB/c, C57BL/6, C57BL6/J, C57BL/6N, C57BL/6NTac, MRL/MpJ, CFW1	Osbelt et al. (2021), Young et al. (2020), Chiang et al. (2021), Liu J. Y. et al. (2022), Nakamoto et al. (2019), Kamata et al. (2020), Boll et al. (2012)
Gavaging	Survival; GI tract colonization; Burden in the spleen, liver and lungs; Fecal CFU count	Body weight; Histopathological evaluation; Gene expression; Microbiome diversity; Serum level of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, triglycerides, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances; Cell proliferation and differentiation; Echocardiographic parameters; Competition during colonization	Clinical isolates, ATCC BAA-2146, ATCC 10031, NTUH-K2044	Mice	C57BL/6, C57BL/6J, OF1, BALB/c, BALB/cByL, CF1, 129×1/SvJ	Young et al. (2020), Lau et al. (2008), Hennequin and Forestier (2009), Maroncle et al. (2006), Calderon-Gonzalez et al. (2023), Yuan et al. (2019), Kienesberger et al. (2022), Hsieh et al. (2010), Hsu et al. (2019), Perez et al. (2011), Han et al. (2023), Lagrafeuille et al. (2018)
Contamination of the water	GI tract colonization; Fecal CFU count	Microbiome diversity; In situ hybridization	Clinical isolates	Mice	C57BL/6	Favre-Bonté et al. (1999), Le Guern et al. (2019)
Nasogastric tube insertion	Fecal CFU count		Clinical isolate	Rat	Wistar	Ruijs and van der Waaij (1986)
Gavaging	Fecal CFU count	Microbiome diversity; Genotyping	Clinical isolate	Rat	Sprague–Dawley	Ye et al. (2019)
Contamination of the water	Burden in the heart, intestine, spleen and liver	Neutrophil recruitment; Macrophage phagocytic ability	Clinical isolates	Non-rodent animal model	Zebrafish	Zhang X. et al. (2019)
Injection in different sites of the mouth cavity	Abscess and inflammatory infiltration	Histopathological evaluation; S-IgA and IgG secretion in serum and feces	Clinical isolate	Non-rodent animal model	Chinchilla rabbits	Marinova et al. (2000)