Table 2.
Characteristics and outcomes of patients included
| Outcome | Result | Missing data, n (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Total included, n | 176 | |
| Age, median (range) | 73 (41–103) | 0 |
| Sex (male), n (%) | 113 (64) | 0 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||
| Diabetes | 40 (23) | 0 |
| COLD | 35 (20) | 0 |
| Heart disease | 72 (41) | 0 |
| Liver disease | 17 (10) | 0 |
| Liver failure | 10 (56) | |
| Kidney disease | 37 (21) | 0 |
| Kidney failure | 26 (72) | |
| Upper gastrointestinal cancer | 7 (4) | 0 |
| Disseminated cancer | 19 (11) | 0 |
| Smoking | 2 (1) | |
| Current | 66 (38) | |
| Previous | 58 (33) | |
| Never | 50 (29) | |
| Excessive alcohol consumption, n (%)a | 44 (25) | 2 (1) |
| Medications n (%) | ||
| Aspirin | 35 (20) | 0 |
| Anticoagulantia | 64 (36) | 0 |
| NSAIDs | 24 (14) | 1 (1) |
| Clinical data | ||
| Hemodynamic shock, n (%)b | 82 (47) | 1 (1) |
| Hemoglobin (mmol/L), mean (SD)b | 4.64 (0.98) | 0 |
| ASA-score, median (range)b | 3 (1–4) | 19 (11) |
| Location of ulcer | 0 | |
| Duodenal ulcer, n (%) | 168 (96) | |
| Forrest classification, n (%) | 7 (4) | |
| 1a | 51 (29) | |
| 1b | 58 (33) | |
| 2a | 21 (12) | |
| 2b | 24 (14) | |
| 2c | 8 (5) | |
| 3 | 7 (4) | |
| Rockall score, median (range) | 7 (2–10) | 1 |
| ≤ 3, n (%) | 6 (3) | |
| 4–5, n (%) | 30 (17) | |
| > 5, n (%) | 140 (80) | |
| Number of endoscopies prior to coiling, n (%) | 0 | |
| 1 | 79 (45) | |
| 2 | 65 (37) | |
| 3 | 23 (13) | |
| 4 | 9 (5) | |
| Outcomes | ||
| Hours from endoscopy to embolization, mean (IQR) | 23 (9–47) | 0 |
| Rebleeding, n (%) | 44 (25) | 0 |
| Reintervention, n (%) | 39 (91) | 1 (2) |
| Upper endoscopy, n (%) | 29 (74) | 0 |
| Embolization, n (%) | 17 (44) | 0 |
| Surgery, n (%) | 11 (28) | 0 |
| Readmission within 30 days, n (%) | 4 (2) | 0 |
| In-house mortality (bleeding related), n (%)c | 15 (9) | 0 |
| In-house mortality (overall), n (%)c | 27 (15) | 0 |
| 30-day mortality (bleeding related), n (%) | 14 (8) | 0 |
| 30-day mortality (overall), n (%) | 26 (15) | 0 |
| Follow-up, months, median (range) | 19 (0–78) | 0 |
| Hospital stay, days, median (range)c | 9 (1–187) | 0 |
| Complications due to ischemia, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 |
| Embolization | ||
| Active bleeding during arteriography, n (%) | 33 (19) | 0 |
| Visible hemoclips left from endoscopy, n (%) | 114 (65) | 0 |
| Standard embolization (GDA + branches), n (%) | 154 (88) | 0 |
| Normal anatomy, n (%) | 111 (63) | 0 |
| Visualization of cystic artery, n (%) | 40 (23) | 0 |
| Coiling of cystic artery, n (%) | 3 (8) | 0 |
| Non-target embolization, n (%) | 9 (5) | 0 |
| Embolization material | ||
| Coils, n (%) | 172 (98) | 0 |
| Glue, n (%) | 6 (3) | 0 |
| Spongostan, n (%) | 1 (1) | 0 |
| Plugs, n (%) | 7 (4) | 0 |
| Other, n (%) | 4 (2) | 0 |
| Only arteriography | 1 | 0 |
| Onyx | 1 | 0 |
| Particles | 1 | 0 |
| Macrocoils and vascular plugs | 1 | 0 |
COLD chronic obstructive lung disease, NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, SD standard deviation, ASA American Society of Anaesthesiologists, IQR inter-quartile range, GDA gastroduodenal artery
aDefined as over 14 units of alcohol per week
bEvaluated just before the last endoscopy prior to embolization
cIn-house was defined as during the same hospital admission, including transfers between Rigshospitalet, and the referring hospital