Table 3.
Multi-level logistic regression of individual and contextual factors associated with HIV and TB infections among older persons in South Africa.
| Variables | HIV Status | TB Status | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model I | Model II | Model III | Model I | Model II | Model III | |
| Individual variables | ||||||
| Age group | ||||||
| 50–54 | RC | RC | RC | RC | ||
| 55–59 | 0.93 (0.92–0.93) | 0.91 (0.90–0.92) | 1.12* (1.10–1.14) | 1.13* (1.11–1.15) | ||
| 60–64 | 1.41* (0.40–2.41) | 0.37* (0.36–0.37) | 0.93 (0.91–0.95) | 0.83 (0.82–0.85) | ||
| 65–69 | 0.29 (0.29–0.29) | 0.25 (0.25–0.26) | 0.87 (0.85–0.89) | 0.71 (0.69–0.73) | ||
| 70–74 | 0.09 (0.09–0.09) | 0.08 (0.07–0.08) | 0.66 (0.64–0.68) | 0.44 (0.43–0.45) | ||
| 75+ | 0.06 (0.06–0.06) | 0.05 (0.05–0.05) | 0.30 (0.30–0.31) | 0.20 (0.20–0.21) | ||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | RC | RC | RC | RC | ||
| Never Married | 3.57* (3.54–3.61) | 2.72* (2.70–2.75) | 1.78 (1.75–1.81) | 1.32 (1.30–1.34) | ||
| Divorced | 2.61 (2.57–2.64) | 2.27 (2.24–2.31) | 1.53 (1.49–1.58) | 1.29 (1.25–1.33) | ||
| Widowed | 2.33 (2.31–2.36) | 1.85 (1.83–1.87) | 1.36* (1.34–1.39) | 1.10* (1.07–1.12) | ||
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | RC | RC | RC | RC | ||
| Female | 0.80 (0.80–0.81) | 0.80* (0.80–0.80) | 0.23* (0.23–0.24) | 0.23 (0.23–0.24) | ||
| Education | ||||||
| No education | RC | RC | RC | RC | ||
| Primary | 0.82 (0.81–0.83) | 0.92 (0.91–0.93) | 0.88 (0.87–0.90) | 1.08* (1.06–1.10) | ||
| Secondary/Higher | 0.35 (0.35–0.35) | 0.57 (0.56–0.58) | 0.35 (0.35–0.36) | 0.65* (0.64–0.67) | ||
| Business activities | ||||||
| Yes | RC | RC | RC | RC | ||
| No | 1.77* (1.74–1.80) | 1.52* (1.50–1.55) | 1.84* (1.79–1.90) | 1.47* (1.42–1.51) | ||
| Contextual variables | ||||||
| Geographical location | ||||||
| Urban | RC | RC | RC | RC | ||
| Rural | 1.23* (1.22–1.24) | 1.27* (1.27–1.29) | 1.28* (1.27–1.30) | 1.38* (1.36–1.40) | ||
| Health status | ||||||
| Excellent | RC | RC | RC | RC | ||
| Good | 2.10* (2.07–2.14) | 2.28 (2.24–2.32) | 2.04 (1.96–2.12) | 2.27 (2.19–2.36) | ||
| Fair | 3.71 (3.64–3.78) | 4.95 (4.86–5.05) | 3.70 (3.56–3.84) | 4.77* (4.59–4.96) | ||
| Poor | 4.33* (4.25–4.42) | 6.10* (5.98–6.23) | 9.48* (9.11–9.86) | 12.03* (11.55–12.52) | ||
| Diabetes | ||||||
| Yes | RC | RC | RC | |||
| No | 2.81* (2.77–2.85) | 2.14* (2.11–2.17) | 2.41* (2.35–2.47) | 1.87* (1.82–1.91) | ||
| Cancer | ||||||
| Yes | RC | RC | RC | RC | ||
| No | 1.11 (1.08–1.15) | 0.66* (0.63–0.68) | 0.32* (0.31–0.33) | 0.24 (0.23–0.25) | ||
| Medical scheme | ||||||
| Yes | RC | RC | RC | RC | ||
| No | 7.48* (7.34–7.62) | 4.51* (4.42–4.59) | 4.26* (4.14–4.39) | 3.11* (3.02–3.21) | ||
| Contextual level | ||||||
| Variance (SE) | 0.0004113 | 0.0000188 | 0.0000708 | 0.0285024 | 0.0000363 | 0.0001401 |
| OR (95% CI) | 0.04 (0.04–0.05) | 0.001 (0.001–0.009) | 0.003 (0.003–0.004) | 0.02 (0.02–0.03) | 0.001 (0.002–0.003) | 0.004 (0.004–0.005) |
| N | 9,180,047 | 9,180,047 | 9,180,047 | 9,180,047 | 9,180,047 | 9,180,047 |
Model I: individual-level variables; Model II: contextual variables; Model III: final model adjusted for individual and contextual variable; RC, Reference Category; *significance test – α < 0.05.