Table 1.
Basic characteristics of T2DM participants, weighted.
| Overall (N=5028) | Non-DKD (N=3087) | DKD (N=1941) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 58.89±0.29 | 56.26±0.32 | 63.72 ±0.44 | <0.001 |
| Male gender, % (SE) | 53.33 (1.05) | 53.54 (1.52) | 52.96 (1.70) | 0.816 |
| Race, % (SE) | 0.760 | |||
| Mexican American | 10.11 (1.12) | 10.25 (1.18) | 9.85 (1.17) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 14.25 (1.07) | 14.13 (1.15) | 14.48 (1.15) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 60.44 (1.84) | 60.26 (2.03) | 60.75 (1.93) | |
| Other Hispanic | 6.03 (0.63) | 6.32 (0.68) | 5.50 (0.71) | |
| Other Races | 9.17 (0.68) | 9.04 (0.80) | 9.42 (0.91) | |
| Annual household income (under $20,000), % (SE) | 17.19 (0.76) | 15.00 (0.95) | 21.24 (1.08) | <0.001 |
| Education level (above high school), % (SE) | 52.59 (1.07) | 55.04 (1.56) | 48.06 (1.79) | 0.008 |
| Moderate physical activity, % (SE) | 35.63 (1.05) | 38.04 (1.41) | 31.19 (1.26) | <0.001 |
| Smokers, % (SE) | 50.86 (0.96) | 50.02 (1.38) | 52.40 (1.62) | 0.307 |
| Hypertension, % (SE) | 64.17 (1.03) | 58.62 (1.22) | 74.42 (1.46) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease, % (SE) | 22.78 (0.85) | 17.64 (1.08) | 32.27 (1.51) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32.98 (0.18) | 32.91 (0.23) | 33.12 (0.25) | 0.070 |
| Weight (kg) | 93.10 ±0.52 | 93.34±0.64 | 92.67±0.87 | 0.531 |
| WC (cm) | 111.29±0.38 | 110.78±0.48 | 112.23 ±0.54 | 0.041 |
| ALT (U/L) | 27.99±0.55 | 28.38±0.54 | 27.29±1.12 | 0.370 |
| AST (U/L) | 26.69 ±0.38 | 26.57±0.43 | 26.90±0.60 | 0.630 |
| GGT (U/L) | 35.59±0.77 | 34.00 ±0.84 | 38.55±1.51 | 0.010 |
| Glycohemoglobin (%) | 7.25 ±0.03 | 7.08 ±0.04 | 7.55±0.05 | <0.001 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 8.72±0.09 | 8.44 ±0.10 | 9.23±0.13 | <0.001 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.85±0.05 | 1.75 ±0.06 | 2.03 ±0.07 | 0.001 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.78 ±0.02 | 4.80±0.03 | 4.74 ±0.03 | 0.258 |
| HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.21 ±0.01 | 1.22 ±0.01 | 1.21±0.01 | 0.620 |
| LDL-c (mmol/L) | 2.69 ±0.03 | 2.73±0.04 | 2.61 ±0.04 | 0.028 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 5.69±0.06 | 5.00±0.05 | 6.96±0.12 | <0.001 |
| SUA (umol/L) | 339.27 ±2.18 | 324.97 ±2.23 | 365.66 ±3.30 | <0.001 |
| Scr (umol/L) | 83.97±0.88 | 73.42±0.46 | 103.45±2.26 | <0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 85.12 ±0.44 | 92.96 ±0.40 | 70.64 ±0.97 | <0.001 |
| urinary albumin (mg/L) | 117.63±9.87 | 11.71±0.23 | 313.08±27.59 | <0.001 |
| urinary creatinine (mg/dL) | 117.33±1.43 | 119.25±2.00 | 113.80 ±2.08 | 0.075 |
| UACR (mg/g) | 118.23±9.43 | 10.13 ±0.14 | 317.71 ±26.78 | <0.001 |
| WWI index | 11.61±0.02 | 11.53 ±0.02 | 11.75±0.03 | <0.001 |
BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference;ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; SUA, serum uric acid; Scr, serum creatinine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR, urinary albumin to urinary creatinine ratio; WWI index, weight-adjusted-waist index.