Table 2.
Clinical features of T2DM participants according to WWI index quantiles, weighted.
| Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 53.71±0.48 | 58.14 ±0.46 | 61.13 ±0.49 | 63.08 ±0.48 | <0.001 |
| Male gender, % (SE) | 68.85 (2.08) | 61.94 (2.04) | 51.99 (2.24) | 29.11 (2.01) | <0.001 |
| Race, % (SE) | <0.001 | ||||
| Mexican American | 8.20 (1.12) | 11.60 (1.45) | 10.47 (1.52) | 10.36 (1.24) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 19.30 (1.60) | 15.06 (1.57) | 12.32 (1.23) | 9.81 (1.12) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 56.25 (2.48) | 56.79 (2.39) | 63.11 (2.51) | 66.00 (2.07) | |
| Other Hispanic | 5.73 (0.71) | 6.18 (0.85) | 6.37 (0.92) | 5.88 (0.70) | |
| Other Races | 10.52 (1.10) | 10.36 (1.21) | 7.73 (0.90) | 7.95 (1.19) | |
| Annual household income (under $20,000), % (SE) | 12.02 (0.98) | 16.13 (1.18) | 17.53 (1.31) | 23.56 (1.65) | <0.001 |
| Education level (above high school), % (SE) | 58.92 (2.14) | 52.94 (2.04) | 54.45 (1.81) | 43.46 (2.18) | <0.001 |
| Moderate physical activity, % (SE) | 41.58 (1.74) | 35.91 (1.88) | 33.98 (2.16) | 30.48 (2.16) | 0.001 |
| Smokers, % (SE) | 48.20 (2.16) | 51.06 (1.99) | 52.73 (1.87) | 51.71 (2.00) | 0.421 |
| Hypertension, % (SE) | 54.01 (2.28) | 63.16 (1.95) | 68.77 (1.71) | 71.75 (1.87) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease, % (SE) | 15.25 (1.57) | 21.39 (1.74) | 25.16 (1.43) | 30.06 (1.75) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.68 (0.28) | 32.07 (0.22) | 34.38 (0.22) | 36.12 (0.31) | <0.001 |
| Weight (kg) | 88.52±0.85 | 92.66 ±0.73 | 96.62 ±0.86 | 95.09 ±0.99 | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 100.26 ±0.54 | 108.92 ±0.43 | 115.62 ±0.49 | 121.44 ±0.63 | <0.001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 27.21±0.66 | 29.59±0.98 | 28.11±0.81 | 27.16±1.49 | 0.118 |
| AST (U/L) | 25.65±0.49 | 27.48±0.71 | 26.77±0.66 | 26.96 ±0.95 | 0.141 |
| GGT (U/L) | 33.75±1.39 | 35.96±1.55 | 35.34±1.35 | 37.51±1.54 | 0.328 |
| Glycohemoglobin (%) | 7.25±0.07 | 7.26 ±0.07 | 7.15 ±0.06 | 7.33 ±0.06 | 0.321 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 8.93±0.19 | 8.83 ±0.15 | 8.38 ±0.13 | 8.72 ±0.18 | 0.036 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.69±0.08 | 1.99 ±0.11 | 1.82 ±0.08 | 1.91 ±0.08 | 0.058 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.80±0.04 | 4.79 ±0.06 | 4.71 ±0.05 | 4.81 ±0.05 | 0.474 |
| HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.27±0.02 | 1.17 ±0.01 | 1.20 ±0.02 | 1.21 ±0.02 | <0.001 |
| LDL-c (mmol/L) | 2.75±0.05 | 2.72 ±0.06 | 2.67 ±0.06 | 2.61 ±0.07 | 0.367 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 5.48±0.10 | 5.48±0.08 | 5.80±0.11 | 5.99±0.10 | <0.001 |
| SUA (umol/L) | 322.47 ±4.02 | 336.78 ±3.68 | 345.78 ±3.14 | 353.75 ±4.04 | <0.001 |
| Scr (umol/L) | 85.37 ±2.10 | 84.00±1.44 | 84.61±1.44 | 81.78 ±1.26 | 0.312 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 90.04±0.82 | 87.36 ±0.79 | 82.51±0.97 | 80.09 ±0.88 | <0.001 |
| Urinary albumin(mg/L) | 82.18±11.10 | 182.31 ±31.57 | 109.14 ±16.10 | 100.67 ±11.64 | 0.008 |
| Urinary creatinine(mg/dL) | 127.34 ±3.45 | 122.52 ±3.29 | 112.54 ±2.59 | 105.95 ±2.25 | <0.001 |
| UACR (mg/g) | 76.01 ±10.79 | 155.07 ±23.98 | 133.75±22.68 | 112.58 ±14.11 | 0.002 |
| Albuminuria, % (SE) | 20.14 (1.64) | 26.00 (1.63) | 26.58 (1.74) | 30.77 (1.77) | <0.001 |
| Low-eGFR, % (SE) | 10.29 (1.18) | 12.26 (1.09) | 20.52 (1.37) | 22.76 (1.38) | <0.001 |
| DKD, % (SE) | 26.76 (1.97) | 32.63 (1.84) | 39.06 (1.95) | 42.96 (1.83) | <0.001 |