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. 2024 Mar 15;15:1345478. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1345478

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Copyright © 2024 Sharaf, Zahra, Alharbi, Mekky, Shehata, Alkhudhayri, Ali, Al Suhaimi, Zakai, Al Harthi and Liu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Cytotoxicity against Api, ChB NPs, and Api@ChB (A) normal Vero ATCC CCL-81 cells, (B) Caco2 ATCC ATP-37, and (C) HepG2 ATCC HB-8065 cancer cells. The numbers are given as mean standard deviation (SD) (n = 3).