Table 1. Baseline Participant Characteristics by Group Before and After Propensity Score Matching (PSM).
| Characteristic | Overall population (N = 21 011) | PSM population (n = 13 582) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sustained heavy drinking group, No. (%) (n = 14 220) | Reduced drinking group, No. (%) (n = 6791) | P value | ASD | Sustained heavy drinking group, No. (%) (n = 6791) | Reduced drinking group, No. (%) (n = 6791) | P value | ASD | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 55.76 (6.01) | 56.74 (6.41) | <.001 | 0.158 | 57.00 (6.85) | 56.74 (6.41) | .02 | 0.039 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 13 320 (93.7) | 5643 (83.1) | <.001 | 0.335 | 5897 (86.8) | 5643 (83.1) | <.001 | 0.105 |
| Female | 900 (6.3) | 1148 (16.9) | 894 (13.2) | 1148 (16.9) | ||||
| BMI, mean (SD) | 24.57 (2.78) | 24.28 (2.77) | <.001 | 0.104 | 24.29 (2.76) | 24.28 (2.77) | .94 | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 6047 (42.5) | 2620 (38.6) | <.001 | 0.088 | 2612 (38.5) | 2620 (38.6) | .95 | 0.006 |
| SBP, mean (SD), mm Hg | 127.45 (14.20) | 125.85 (14.39) | <.001 | 0.112 | 126.20 (14.09) | 125.85 (14.39) | .16 | 0.024 |
| Laboratory results | ||||||||
| TC, mean (SD), mg/dL | 200.06 (35.86) | 200.16 (35.66) | .84 | 0.003 | 199.64 (35.90) | 200.16 (35.66) | .40 | 0.015 |
| LDL-C, mean (SD), mg/dL | 113.30 (35.56) | 116.21 (35.81) | <.001 | 0.082 | 115.65 (36.41) | 116.21 (35.81) | .37 | 0.015 |
| Hemoglobin, mean (SD), g/dL | 14.84 (1.23) | 14.58 (1.32) | <.001 | 0.202 | 14.64 (1.31) | 14.58 (1.32) | .01 | 0.043 |
| Glucose, mean (SD), mg/dL | 105.65 (26.46) | 103.59 (25.17) | <.001 | 0.080 | 104.06 (24.94) | 103.59 (25.17) | .28 | 0.019 |
| Serum creatinine, mean (SD), mg/dL | 1.00 (0.66) | 0.99 (0.67) | .06 | 0.027 | 1.00 (0.71) | 0.99 (0.67) | .29 | 0.018 |
| ALT, mean (SD), IU/L | 28.93 (21.22) | 26.75 (19.93) | <.001 | 0.106 | 26.95 (19.61) | 26.75 (19.93) | .57 | 0.010 |
| Smoking status | ||||||||
| Nonsmoker | 3547 (24.9) | 2551 (37.6) | <.001 | 0.279 | 2436 (35.9) | 2551 (37.6) | .10 | 0.037 |
| Past | 4975 (35.0) | 2092 (30.8) | 2120 (31.2) | 2092 (30.8) | ||||
| Current | 5698 (40.1) | 2148 (31.6) | 2235 (32.9) | 2148 (31.6) | ||||
| Physical activity levela | ||||||||
| Less active | 6638 (46.7) | 3064 (45.1) | .10 | 0.031 | 3016 (44.4) | 3064 (45.1) | .71 | 0.014 |
| Active | 4137 (29.1) | 2037 (30.0) | 2068 (30.5) | 2037 (30.0) | ||||
| Highly active | 3445 (24.2) | 1690 (24.9) | 1707 (25.1) | 1690 (24.9) | ||||
| Medical comorbidity | ||||||||
| Hypertension | 5468 (38.5) | 2561 (37.7) | .31 | 0.015 | 2609 (38.4) | 2561 (37.7) | .41 | 0.015 |
| Diabetes | 3508 (24.7) | 1592 (23.4) | .055 | 0.029 | 1671 (24.6) | 1592 (23.4) | .12 | 0.027 |
| Dyslipidemia | 5961 (41.9) | 2815 (41.5) | .53 | 0.009 | 2793 (41.1) | 2815 (41.5) | .71 | 0.007 |
| Heart failure | 113 (0.8) | 53 (0.8) | .98 | 0.002 | 50 (0.7) | 53 (0.8) | .84 | 0.005 |
| CKD | 867 (6.1) | 490 (7.2) | .002 | 0.045 | 502 (7.4) | 490 (7.2) | .72 | 0.007 |
| AF | 102 (0.7) | 51 (0.8) | .86 | 0.004 | 54 (0.8) | 51 (0.8) | .85 | 0.005 |
| Modified CCI | ||||||||
| 0 | 3366 (23.7) | 1585 (23.3) | .75 | 0.030 | 1594 (23.5) | 1585 (23.3) | .97 | 0.023 |
| 1 | 4027(28.3) | 1894 (27.9) | 1882 (27.7) | 1894 (27.9) | ||||
| 2 | 3238 (22.8) | 1612 (23.7) | 1578 (23.2) | 1612 (23.7) | ||||
| 3 | 2199 (15.5) | 1009 (14.9) | 1050 (15.5) | 1009 (14.9) | ||||
| 4 | 1008 (7.1) | 499 (7.3) | 500 (7.4) | 499 (7.3) | ||||
| 5 | 307 (2.2) | 154 (2.3) | 152 (2.2) | 154 (2.3) | ||||
| 6 | 58 (0.4) | 29 (0.4) | 29 (0.4) | 29 (0.4) | ||||
| ≥7 | 17 (0.1) | 9 (0.1) | 6 (0.1) | 9 (0.1) | ||||
| Income statusb | ||||||||
| Medicaid beneficiaries | 11 (0.1) | 11 (0.2) | <.001 | 0.121 | 10 (0.1) | 11 (0.2) | .62 | 0.023 |
| Low | 2087 (14.7) | 1220 (18.0) | 1167 (17.2) | 1220 (18.0) | ||||
| Middle | 4102 (28.8) | 2106 (31.0) | 2155 (31.7) | 2106 (31.0) | ||||
| High | 8020 (56.4) | 3454 (50.9) | 3459 (50.9) | 3454 (50.9) | ||||
Abbreviations: AF, atrial fibrillation; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ASD, absolute standardized difference; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index (score range: 0-9, with higher scores indicating greater complexity of medical comorbidity); CKD, chronic kidney disease; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MET, metabolic equivalent task; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol.
SI conversion factors: To convert ALT to microkatals per liter, multiply by 0.0167; serum creatinine to micromoles per liter, multiply by 88.4; glucose to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0555; hemoglobin level to gram per liter, multiply by 10.0; and LDL-C and TC to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259.
Physical activity: less active indicates 0 to 500 MET-min/wk; active, 501 to 1000 MET-min/wk; and highly active, more than 1000 MET-min/wk.
Income status: low indicates 30th percentile or less; middle, more than 30th to less than 70th percentile; and high, 70th percentile or greater.