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. 2024 Mar 14;10:e55327. doi: 10.2196/55327

Table 1.

Temporal trends in pediatric asthma prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in the Western Pacific Region (1990-2019).

Category and location Num_1990a (95% UIb) ASR_1990c (95% UI) Num_2019d (95% UI) ASR_2019e (95% UI) EAPCf (95% CI)
Prevalence

Global 76,571,140.6 (55,413,704.2 to 109,195,913.6) 4365.6 (3159.3 to 6225.7) 81,720,617.8 (58,030,923.8 to 117,037,165.1) 4170 (2961.2 to 5972.1) −0.04 (−0.28 to 0.2)

Western Pacific Region 16,959,863.9 (11,743,336 to 24,831,978.1) 3898.4 (2699.4 to 5707.9) 13,071,953.9 (8,866,483.2 to 19,389,884.5) 3924 (2661.6 to 5820.5) 0.13 (−0.38 to 0.64)

Australia 559,310.5 (481,247.9 to 632,619.3) 14,769.1 (12,707.7 to 16,704.8) 503,878 (360,666.4 to 698,506.1) 10,974.9 (7855.7 to 15,214.1) −1.49 (−1.67 to −1.31)

Brunei Darussalam 3975.9 (2738.3 to 5794.5) 4384.9 (3020 to 6390.7) 4259.7 (2943.5 to 6287.9) 4478 (3094.4 to 6610.2) −0.04 (−0.08 to 0.01)

Cambodia 132,886.6 (94,406.4 to 184,807.8) 2786 (1979.3 to 3874.6) 167,371.5 (115,385.3 to 247,138.7) 3325.3 (2292.4 to 4910.1) 0.59 (0.4 to 0.79)

China 10,454,057.7 (6,763,843.2 to 16,155,345.4) 3237.5 (2094.7 to 5003.1) 7,252,060.8 (4,725,473.7 to 11,276,601.5) 3226.3 (2102.3 to 5016.8) 0.18 (−0.73 to 1.09)

Cook Islands 340.7 (229.8 to 507.2) 5077.6 (3425.2 to 7558.7) 211.4 (143.2 to 316.2) 5053.9 (3423.3 to 7561.2) 0.21 (0.06 to 0.36)

Fiji 10,433.9 (7473.2 to 14,356) 3698.9 (2649.3 to 5089.3) 8548.6 (6045.2 to 12,147.8) 3219.8 (2276.9 to 4575.4) −0.82 (−1.01 to −0.63)

Japan 1,538,373 (1,042,345.1 to 2,237,818.7) 6669.1 (4518.8 to 9701.3) 791,521.5 (519,208.1 to 1,202,911.3) 5071.5 (3326.7 to 7707.5) −1.91 (−2.36 to −1.45)

Kiribati 1436 (1138.5 to 1834) 4919 (3900 to 6282.6) 1454.3 (1125 to 1901.6) 3471.6 (2685.5 to 4539.3) −1.46 (−1.57 to −1.36)

Lao People’s Democratic Republic 59,551.2 (44,600.5 to 81,501) 3263.1 (2443.9 to 4465.9) 58,595.3 (42,118 to 81,854) 2604.4 (1872 to 3638.2) −1.04 (−1.15 to −0.92)

Malaysia 193,359.9 (140,444.7 to 277,139.9) 2939.6 (2135.1 to 4213.2) 290,422.7 (195,058 to 437,283.4) 3774.5 (2535.1 to 5683.1) 1.12 (0.89 to 1.35)

Marshall Islands 804.7 (574.6 to 1122.8) 3628.4 (2591.1 to 5063) 671.8 (460.3 to 943.3) 3641.8 (2495.2 to 5113.6) −0.07 (−0.4 to 0.25)

Micronesia 1668.2 (1208.3 to 2302.7) 3545.9 (2568.3 to 4894.6) 1231.8 (846.6 to 1773.8) 3921.6 (2695.3 to 5647.2) 0.31 (0.06 to 0.57)

Mongolia 20,810.5 (13,946.9 to 30,760.5) 2317.5 (1553.1 to 3425.5) 25,252.5 (16,220.4 to 38,449.7) 2494.4 (1602.2 to 3798) 0.13 (0.02 to 0.24)

Nauru 173.2 (119.6 to 246.5) 3897.4 (2692.3 to 5548.8) 165.2 (112.7 to 246.4) 4217.9 (2878.8 to 6292.8) 0.14 (−0.29 to 0.57)

New Zealand 90,992.3 (61,774.7 to 131,546.3) 11,373.9 (7721.7 to 16,443.1) 82,094.7 (55,753.8 to 118,776.2) 9200.2 (6248.2 to 13,311.1) −0.91 (−1.06 to −0.76)

Niue 38.3 (26.6 to 55.6) 4622.7 (3204.8 to 6704.2) 19.2 (13.3 to 27.9) 4755.2 (3304 to 6935.6) 0.42 (0.18 to 0.65)

Palau 220.1 (153.7 to 317.5) 4643.7 (3242.7 to 6697) 153.1 (105.7 to 221.9) 4544.8 (3138 to 6586) −0.09 (−0.25 to 0.07)

Papua New Guinea 90,389.7 (68,468.4 to 117,497.3) 5385.8 (4079.6 to 7000.9) 161,986.8 (123,526.9 to 209,990.4) 4401.1 (3356.1 to 5705.3) −0.89 (−1.05 to −0.72)

Philippines 2,337,086.3 (1,695,954.1 to 3,260,644.5) 9192.4 (6670.7 to 12,825.1) 2,485,339.2 (1,817,569.4 to 3,472,416.2) 6987.9 (5110.4 to 9763.2) −1.03 (−1.17 to −0.9)

Republic of Korea 456,884.3 (336,467.5 to 624,604.2) 3995.3 (2942.3 to 5462) 298,549.8 (200,075.2 to 448,074.1) 4353.2 (2917.3 to 6533.5) 0.8 (0.61 to 0.99)

Samoa 2419.2 (1684.8 to 3508.9) 3672.6 (2557.7 to 5326.9) 2777.5 (1915.5 to 4117) 3770.3 (2600.2 to 5588.6) 0.1 (−0.11 to 0.31)

Singapore 31,180.5 (23,196.2 to 42,797.1) 4801.6 (3572 to 6590.4) 35,086.6 (22,982.6 to 51,478.3) 4486.8 (2939 to 6583) −0.26 (−0.36 to −0.15)

Solomon Islands 5537.9 (3822 to 7886.2) 3523.5 (2431.8 to 5017.7) 10,113.8 (7048.9 to 14,748.4) 3915.3 (2728.8 to 5709.4) 0.4 (0.06 to 0.73)

Tonga 1983.5 (1354.7 to 2930.9) 4990.1 (3408.2 to 7373.6) 1709.7 (1132.1 to 2545.2) 4764.5 (3154.9 to 7092.7) −0.26 (−0.47 to −0.05)

Tuvalu 118.4 (83.5 to 166.5) 3587.8 (2532 to 5047.3) 155.3 (105.7 to 233.3) 4539.4 (3090.3 to 6821.3) 0.69 (0.35 to 1.02)

Vanuatu 2310.1 (1618.8 to 3262.5) 3452.8 (2419.6 to 4876.4) 4238.6 (2771.2 to 6182) 3824.1 (2500.2 to 5577.4) 0.17 (−0.3 to 0.63)

Vietnam 800,414.4 (552,891.5 to 1,200,763.8) 3055.4 (2110.6 to 4583.7) 765,718.1 (512,976.9 to 1,147,161.2) 3591.3 (2405.9 to 5380.3) 0.31 (−0.19 to 0.8)
Incidence

Global 18,857,697.1 (12,709,797.1 to 26,396,036.1) 1075.1 (724.6 to 1504.9) 20,191,786.5 (13,397,981.9 to 28,406,953.9) 1030.3 (683.7 to 1449.5) 0.04 (−0.19 to 0.28)

Western Pacific Region 4,259,983.4 (2,755,425.9 to 6,210,138.5) 979.2 (633.4 to 1427.5) 3,314,337.9 (2,123,433.1 to 4,804,520.4) 994.9 (637.4 to 1442.2) 0.13 (−0.43 to 0.69)

Australia 70,584 (51,654 to 90,221.6) 1863.8 (1364 to 2382.4) 68,562.3 (46,626.2 to 94,480.1) 1493.4 (1015.6 to 2057.9) −1.41 (−1.68 to −1.14)

Brunei Darussalam 956.1 (636.6 to 1361.6) 1054.4 (702.1 to 1501.7) 991.9 (645.9 to 1417.3) 1042.8 (679 to 1489.9) −0.22 (−0.31 to −0.14)

Cambodia 36,302.6 (24,912.1 to 50,083.9) 761.1 (522.3 to 1050) 42,971.3 (28,972.3 to 61,579.7) 853.7 (575.6 to 1223.4) 0.46 (0.24 to 0.69)

China 2,784,848.8 (1,724,280.8 to 4,146,601.5) 862.4 (534 to 1284.1) 1,953,731.6 (1,219,396.4 to 2,922,245.1) 869.2 (542.5 to 1300.1) 0.13 (−0.81 to 1.08)

Cook Islands 84.4 (56.6 to 119) 1258 (842.8 to 1773.7) 50.9 (33.3 to 72) 1218.1 (795.8 to 1721.7) 0.08 (−0.05 to 0.21)

Fiji 2779.6 (1951 to 3821.7) 985.4 (691.7 to 1354.8) 2288.2 (1563.2 to 3304.5) 861.9 (588.8 to 1244.6) −0.72 (−0.85 to −0.58)

Japan 352,531.4 (221,092.9 to 505,171.5) 1528.3 (958.5 to 2190) 193,514 (120,094.8 to 282,444.1) 1239.9 (769.5 to 1809.7) −1.65 (−2.06 to −1.23)

Kiribati 369.9 (271.8 to 484.5) 1267 (931.1 to 1659.7) 393 (285.9 to 531.9) 938 (682.4 to 1269.6) −1.2 (−1.26 to −1.14)

Lao People’s Democratic Republic 15,343.9 (11,014.5 to 20,628.6) 840.8 (603.5 to 1130.3) 15,570.3 (10,872.6 to 21,645.6) 692 (483.3 to 962.1) −0.91 (−1.05 to −0.78)

Malaysia 52,256.7 (37,072.8 to 71,530.1) 794.4 (563.6 to 1087.4) 71,186.2 (47,019.1 to 102,929) 925.2 (611.1 to 1337.7) 0.7 (0.52 to 0.87)

Marshall Islands 213.7 (148.4 to 289.9) 963.6 (669.1 to 1307.1) 172.1 (116.6 to 235.3) 933 (632.2 to 1275.6) −0.12 (−0.38 to 0.13)

Micronesia 444.9 (306.9 to 601.8) 945.6 (652.4 to 1279.1) 305.2 (202.4 to 423.3) 971.6 (644.4 to 1347.7) 0 (−0.23 to 0.23)

Mongolia 5950.8 (3718.1 to 8790.1) 662.7 (414.1 to 978.9) 7326.6 (4530.3 to 10,802.7) 723.7 (447.5 to 1067.1) 0.42 (0.24 to 0.6)

Nauru 47.2 (31.8 to 66.6) 1062 (715.6 to 1498.4) 42.3 (27.9 to 60.5) 1079.7 (713.3 to 1545.2) −0.05 (−0.4 to 0.3)

New Zealand 16,691.4 (10,938 to 23,215) 2086.4 (1367.2 to 2901.8) 15,931.6 (10,669.5 to 22,810.8) 1785.4 (1195.7 to 2556.4) −0.76 (−0.92 to −0.61)

Niue 9.5 (6.4 to 13.5) 1150.2 (772.5 to 1628.6) 4.6 (3 to 6.4) 1144.3 (748.7 to 1585.5) 0.28 (0.09 to 0.47)

Palau 55.1 (36.1 to 77.1) 1162.9 (761.7 to 1626) 36.6 (24.1 to 51) 1085.4 (715.3 to 1514.9) −0.25 (−0.36 to −0.14)

Papua New Guinea 22,420.8 (16,186.6 to 29,807.9) 1335.9 (964.5 to 1776.1) 41,888.7 (30,890.2 to 55,842.8) 1138.1 (839.3 to 1517.2) −0.75 (−0.87 to −0.63)

Philippines 539,771.3 (381,497.1 to 756,103.8) 2123.1 (1500.5 to 2974) 599,984.4 (418,410.1 to 845,919.5) 1686.9 (1176.4 to 2378.4) −0.83 (−0.99 to −0.66)

Republic of Korea 102,439.2 (71,056 to 141,887.1) 895.8 (621.4 to 1240.8) 69,002.6 (44,555.3 to 100,627.1) 1006.1 (649.7 to 1467.3) 0.68 (0.59 to 0.77)

Samoa 615.6 (417 to 861.7) 934.5 (633.1 to 1308.2) 682.4 (444.4 to 980.7) 926.3 (603.3 to 1331.2) −0.05 (−0.25 to 0.14)

Singapore 6739.1 (4680.5 to 9182.1) 1037.8 (720.8 to 1414) 8501.5 (5557 to 12,249.4) 1087.2 (710.6 to 1566.4) −0.07 (−0.24 to 0.09)

Solomon Islands 1483.4 (989.2 to 2097) 943.8 (629.4 to 1334.3) 2632.6 (1794.4 to 3780.3) 1019.1 (694.6 to 1463.4) 0.3 (0.04 to 0.56)

Tonga 488 (324.7 to 687.4) 1227.8 (816.9 to 1729.3) 424.8 (272.8 to 601.7) 1183.7 (760.3 to 1676.8) −0.21 (−0.4 to −0.02)

Tuvalu 32.4 (22.3 to 44.9) 981.8 (676.2 to 1359.6) 37.7 (24.9 to 53.4) 1103.2 (727 to 1560.3) 0.26 (−0.05 to 0.56)

Vanuatu 629.3 (438.4 to 879.6) 940.6 (655.3 to 1314.7) 1089.1 (696.2 to 1543.1) 982.6 (628.1 to 1392.2) −0.01 (−0.4−0.39)

Vietnam 208,363.9 (137,308.5 to 301,488.3) 795.4 (524.2 to 1150.9) 189,272 (123,981.6 to 270,239.5) 887.7 (581.5 to 1267.5) 0.31 (−0.08 to 0.7)
Deaths

Global 27,949.7 (18,502.8 to 35,060.2) 1.6 (1.1 to 2) 9911.2 (7949.9 to 12,337) 0.5 (0.4 to 0.6) −3.62 (−3.73 to −3.52)

Western Pacific Region 4013 (2666.9 to 5029.9) 0.9 (0.6 to 1.2) 1228 (975.7 to 1472.8) 0.4 (0.3 to 0.4) −2.44 (−2.77 to −2.11)

Australia 15.8 (13.3 to 18.6) 0.4 (0.4 to 0.5) 6.8 (5.3 to 8.7) 0.1 (0.1 to 0.2) −3.86 (−4.33 to −3.38)

Brunei Darussalam 0.4 (0.3 to 0.6) 0.5 (0.3 to 0.7) 0.1 (0.1 to 0.1) 0.1 (0.1 to 0.2) −5.46 (−5.9 to −5.01)

Cambodia 165.1 (68.1 to 248.5) 3.5 (1.4 to 5.2) 33.6 (22.8 to 51.5) 0.7 (0.5 to 1) −5.4 (−5.54 to −5.26)

China 1299 (775.3 to 1681.3) 0.4 (0.2 to 0.5) 52.3 (39.8 to 73.1) 0 (0 to 0) −9.95 (−10.44 to −9.45)

Cook Islands 0 (0 to 0) 0.5 (0.3 to 0.7) 0 (0 to 0) 0 (0 to 0.1) −9.27 (−9.87 to −8.66)

Fiji 6.8 (4.9 to 9.6) 2.4 (1.7 to 3.4) 3.9 (2.7 to 5.3) 1.5 (1 to 2) −2.68 (−3.28 to −2.08)

Japan 88.8 (70.7 to 98.7) 0.4 (0.3 to 0.4) 4.7 (3.3 to 5.9) 0 (0 to 0) −9.85 (−10.31 to −9.39)

Kiribati 1.6 (1 to 2.3) 5.6 (3.5 to 8) 0.8 (0.5 to 1.4) 2 (1.3 to 3.3) −3.52 (−3.73 to −3.31)

Lao People’s Democratic Republic 248.2 (98.6 to 403.9) 13.6 (5.4 to 22.1) 45.3 (27.7 to 68.7) 2 (1.2 to 3.1) −6.35 (−6.49 to −6.21)

Malaysia 55.9 (37.2 to 77.7) 0.8 (0.6 to 1.2) 10.3 (6.8 to 16.1) 0.1 (0.1 to 0.2) −6.73 (−7.13 to −6.33)

Marshall Islands 0.3 (0.2 to 0.5) 1.3 (0.8 to 2.1) 0.1 (0.1 to 0.2) 0.7 (0.5 to 1.1) −2.4 (−3.07 to −1.72)

Micronesia 1 (0.6 to 1.4) 2 (1.4 to 3) 0.2 (0 to 0.3) 0.5 (0.1 to 0.8) −5.14 (−5.3 to −4.97)

Mongolia 5 (1.1 to 12.4) 0.6 (0.1 to 1.4) 0.6 (0.3 to 1.1) 0.1 (0 to 0.1) −8.01 (−8.48 to −7.54)

Nauru 0.1 (0.1 to 0.2) 2.5 (1.2 to 4.1) 0 (0 to 0.1) 0.9 (0.5 to 1.4) −3.45 (−4.6 to −2.28)

New Zealand 4.3 (3.7 to 4.9) 0.5 (0.5 to 0.6) 1.6 (1.3 to 2) 0.2 (0.1 to 0.2) −4.23 (−4.53 to −3.93)

Niue 0 (0 to 0) 1 (0.6 to 1.5) 0 (0 to 0) 0.5 (0.2 to 0.8) −2.98 (−3.45 to −2.52)

Palau 0 (0 to 0.1) 0.7 (0.3 to 1.4) 0 (0 to 0) 0.2 (0.1 to 0.3) −3.69 (−4.09 to −3.3)

Papua New Guinea 86.6 (33.8 to 152) 5.2 (2 to 9.1) 102.4 (48.8 to 181.5) 2.8 (1.3 to 4.9) −1.84 (−2.1 to −1.57)

Philippines 1670.4 (1021.5 to 2195.8) 6.6 (4 to 8.6) 900.8 (652.1 to 1102.5) 2.5 (1.8 to 3.1) −2.35 (−2.71 to −1.98)

Republic of Korea 59.6 (46.4 to 73.3) 0.5 (0.4 to 0.6) 1.2 (0.7 to 2.2) 0 (0 to 0) −12.37 (−12.82 to −11.92)

Samoa 0.9 (0.6 to 1.4) 1.4 (0.9 to 2.1) 0.2 (0.1 to 0.4) 0.3 (0.2 to 0.5) −4.6 (−4.8 to −4.4)

Singapore 4.5 (3.5 to 6) 0.7 (0.5 to 0.9) 0.3 (0.2 to 0.6) 0 (0 to 0.1) −10.58 (−11.09 to −10.06)

Solomon Islands 2.1 (1.3 to 3.1) 1.3 (0.8 to 2) 1.6 (1.1 to 2.3) 0.6 (0.4 to 0.9) −2.34 (−2.67 to −2.02)

Tonga 0.2 (0.2 to 0.3) 0.6 (0.4 to 0.9) 0.1 (0.1 to 0.1) 0.2 (0.2 to 0.4) −3.17 (−3.65 to −2.69)

Tuvalu 0.1 (0.1 to 0.3) 4.5 (2.2 to 7.8) 0 (0 to 0) 0.4 (0.3 to 0.7) −8 (−8.23 to −7.76)

Vanuatu 1.1 (0.7 to 1.8) 1.7 (1 to 2.7) 1.1 (0.7 to 1.7) 1 (0.6 to 1.6) −1.96 (−2.34 to −1.57)

Vietnam 286.1 (153.9 to 446.1) 1.1 (0.6 to 1.7) 59.3 (37.2 to 88.2) 0.3 (0.2 to 0.4) −4.25 (−4.47 to −4.02)
DALYs

Global 5,433,991.4 (3,840,150.8 to 7,609,681.4) 309.8 (218.9 to 433.9) 4,116,909.5 (2,702,283.8 to 6,170,009.6) 210.1 (137.9 to 314.8) −1.19 (−1.4 to −0.98)

Western Pacific Region 1,021,929.5 (690,976.1 to 1,505,850.2) 234.9 (158.8 to 346.1) 631,850.6 (400,999.9 to 980,983.6) 189.7 (120.4 to 294.5) −0.46 (−0.92 to 0)

Australia 23,892.2 (15,923.8 to 34,403.6) 630.9 (420.5 to 908.5) 20,906.3 (12,111.7 to 33,982.2) 455.4 (263.8 to 740.2) −1.58 (−1.77 to −1.39)

Brunei Darussalam 196.8 (125.4 to 303.9) 217.1 (138.3 to 335.2) 180.2 (105.2 to 299.2) 189.5 (110.6 to 314.5) −0.55 (−0.63 to −0.47)

Cambodia 19,258.5 (10,582.7 to 27,408.2) 403.8 (221.9 to 574.6) 9547.6 (6473.9 to 14,223.4) 189.7 (128.6 to 282.6) −2.6 (−2.83 to −2.37)

China 531,512.5 (333,439 to 832,409.3) 164.6 (103.3 to 257.8) 298,487.3 (166,283.3 to 506,739.3) 132.8 (74 to 225.4) −0.57 (−1.53 to 0.39)

Cook Islands 16.3 (10.1 to 25.8) 243.4 (150.8 to 384.3) 8.7 (5 to 14.2) 207.2 (118.9 to 339.3) −0.41 (−0.58 to −0.23)

Fiji 970.2 (732.1 to 1300.9) 344 (259.5 to 461.2) 660.6 (476 to 893.5) 248.8 (179.3 to 336.5) −1.83 (−2.24 to −1.42)

Japan 69,344.6 (42,600 to 110,193.4) 300.6 (184.7 to 477.7) 32,395.6 (18,423.8 to 54,912.4) 207.6 (118 to 351.8) −2.27 (−2.75 to 1.79)

Kiribati 193.6 (135.4 to 259.6) 663.2 (463.8 to 889.3) 127.7 (90.5 to 179) 304.8 (216.1 to 427.2) −2.81 (−2.95 to −2.67)

Lao People’s Democratic Republic 23,364.8 (10,409.3 to 36,578.7) 1280.3 (570.4 to 2004.3) 6125.7 (4222.4 to 8678.5) 272.3 (187.7 to 385.7) −5.29 (−5.38 to −5.21)

Malaysia 12,392.2 (8756.2 to 17,637.8) 188.4 (133.1 to 268.1) 12,563.3 (7558.1 to 20,841) 163.3 (98.2 to 270.9) −0.37 (−0.6 to −0.15)

Marshall Islands 55.9 (39.4 to 81.7) 252.2 (177.6 to 368.2) 37.3 (25 to 54.7) 202.4 (135.5 to 296.7) −1 (−1.22 to −0.77)

Micronesia 145.3 (105.1 to 198.1) 308.8 (223.3 to 421) 62 (39 to 95.4) 197.3 (124.1 to 303.7) −1.8 (−2.09 to −1.52)

Mongolia 1254.3 (740.5 to 2033.9) 139.7 (82.5 to 226.5) 1068.3 (611.3 to 1777.2) 105.5 (60.4 to 175.5) −1.27 (−1.5 to −1.04)

Nauru 16.1 (10.1 to 23.3) 362.9 (227.6 to 525.3) 9.6 (6.3 to 14.3) 244.9 (161.5 to 365.9) −1.71 (−2.23 to −1.18)

New Zealand 4006.8 (2424.5 to 6422.7) 500.8 (303.1 to 802.8) 3441.8 (2050.7 to 5584.2) 385.7 (229.8 to 625.8) −1.1 (−1.25 to −0.95)

Niue 2.2 (1.4 to 3.3) 266.1 (174.6 to 400.4) 0.9 (0.6 to 1.4) 229.6 (142.2 to 350.8) −0.47 (−0.62 to −0.32)

Palau 11.8 (7.5 to 18) 248.3 (158.2 to 379.6) 6.7 (4 to 10.6) 199.2 (119.1 to 315.2) −0.63 (−0.81 to −0.44)

Papua New Guinea 10,851.6 (6147.3 to 16,546.1) 646.6 (366.3 to 985.9) 15,023.5 (9532 to 21,930.5) 408.2 (259 to 595.8) −1.48 (−1.68 to −1.28)

Philippines 234,992.5 (162,218.2 to 310,470) 924.3 (638.1 to 1221.2) 175,739.6 (129,991.3 to 238,440.4) 494.1 (365.5 to 670.4) −1.71 (−1.95 to −1.48)

Republic of Korea 23,353.3 (15,712.7 to 34,903.5) 204.2 (137.4 to 305.2) 12,181.8 (6904.1 to 20,592.3) 177.6 (100.7 to 300.3) −0.01 (−0.21 to 0.19)

Samoa 169.9 (117.4 to 241.1) 257.9 (178.3 to 366) 129.2 (80.3 to 208.1) 175.4 (109 to 282.5) −1.22 (−1.48 to −0.96)

Singapore 1632.1 (1101.8 to 2404.2) 251.3 (169.7 to 370.2) 1444.6 (824.5 to 2402.1) 184.7 (105.4 to 307.2) −1.1 (−1.32 to −0.88)

Solomon Islands 391.6 (269.3 to 554.7) 249.2 (171.3 to 352.9) 540.9 (365.9 to 809.9) 209.4 (141.6 to 313.5) −0.63 (−0.85 to −0.41)

Tonga 99.8 (63.7 to 155.8) 251.1 (160.4 to 392) 76.3 (45.5 to 122.2) 212.6 (126.9 to 340.6) −0.72 (−0.94 to −0.49)

Tuvalu 17.3 (10.3 to 27.2) 524.6 (311.8 to 825.4) 7.4 (4.6 to 11.7) 216.2 (134.3 to 340.8) −3.17 (−3.71 to −2.63)

Vanuatu 184.8 (126 to 264.9) 276.2 (188.3 to 396) 257.7 (174.3 to 386.7) 232.5 (157.3 to 348.9) −0.81 (−1.06 to −0.55)

Vietnam 56,279.1 (37,947.7 to 83,399.1) 214.8 (144.9 to 318.4) 35,963.9 (22,611.9 to 57,339.3) 168.7 (106.1 to 268.9) −0.89 (−1.21 to −0.57)

aNum_1990: number in 1990.

bUI: uncertainty interval.

cASR_1990: age-standardized rate in 1990.

dNum_2019: number in 2019.

eASR_2019: age-standardized rate in 2019.

fEAPC: estimated annual percentage change.