Table 6. Summary Table of CNM Covalent Functionalizations.

Material	Functionalization	Location	Resulting Property	Ref
SWCNTs	Halogenation	Surface	- Makes SWCNTs more insulating than conducting	(696−699, 702, 706)
			- Provides reactive handle
	Dehalogenation	Surface	- Restores conductive properties	(704, 705)
	Nucleophilic substitution	Surface	- Installs handles	(703, 704, 710, 736, 737)
			- Diminishes electronic properties
	[2 + 1] cycloaddition	Surface	- Installs handles	(707−712)
			- Diminishes electronic properties
			- Preserves electronic properties
	1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition	Surface	- Installs handles	(713−715)
			- Diminishes electronic properties
	[4 + 2] cycloaddition	Surface	- Installs handles	(716−719)
			- Diminishes electronic properties
	Radical addition	Surface	- Installs handles	(720−722, 724, 728−731)
			- Diminishes electronic properties
	Birch reduction alkylation	Surface	- Installs handles	(725−727)
			- Diminishes electronic properties
	Silylation	Surface	- Installs handles	(732)
			- Diminishes electronic properties
	Electrophilic substitution	Surface	- Installs handles	(733, 734)
			- Diminishes electronic properties
	Ozonolysis	Surface	- Installs hydroxyls and ethers	(738−741)
			- Diminishes electronic properties
	Oxidation	Surface	- Installs hydroxyls, epoxides, ethers, and carbonyls	(537, 704)
			- Diminishes electronic properties
Carbon dots	Amide/carboxylic acid coupling	Surface	- Installs handles	(463, 744)
			- Molecular recognition
	Nucleophilic substitution	Surface	- Installs handles	(745−747)
			- Quenches fluorescence
			- Solubility in aqueous mediums
	Silylation	Surface	- Conjugation to nanoparticles	(748, 749)
			- Molecular recognition
	Esterification	Surface	- Passivation	(750, 751)
			- Solubility in aqueous mediums
			- Molecular recognition
	Sulfonation	Surface	- Installs handles	(752−754)
			- Molecular recognition
	Heteroatom doping	Surface	- Increases/decreases electron transfer	(556−559)
		Embedded	- Tunes fluorescence
Carbon nanohoops	Meta linkage	On ring	- Tunes fluorescence	(362)
	Heteroatom inclusion	On ring	- Tunes fluorescence	(88, 767, 768)
			- Solubility in aqueous mediums
			- Increases/decreases electron transfer
	Fluorination	On ring	- Modulates electronic properties	(652)
			- Alters redox properties and host–guest interactions
	Extended conjugated network inclusion	On ring	- Elongation of system	(765, 770−772)
			- Asymmetric enrichment
			- Shifts emission
Graphene	Radical addition	Surface	- Installs handles	(773−779)
			- Creates defect sites
			- Increases/decreases electron transfer
	1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition	Surface	- Installs handles	(780−789)
			- Creates defect sites
			- Increases/decreases electron transfer
			- Enhances dispersibility
	Halogenation	Surface	- Installs handles	(790−794)
			- Creates defect sites
			- Thermal and chemical stability
			- Increases interlayer distance
			- Enhances conductivity
	Acidic oxidation	Surface	- Installs handles	(795−797)
			- Creates defect sites/GO
			- Diminishes electronic properties
			- Solubility in aqueous mediums
	Thermal oxidation	Surface	- Installs handles	(799−803)
			- Creates defect sites/GO
			- Diminishes electronic properties
			- Solubility in aqueous mediums
	Ozonolysis	Surface	- Installs handles	(798)
			- Creates defect sites/GO
			- Diminishes electronic properties
			- Solubility in aqueous mediums
GO/RGO	Chemical reduction	Surface	- Reduces GO to RGO	(804−819)
			- Recovers some electronic properties
			- Modifies surface groups to reduced forms
	Thermal reduction	Surface	- Reduces GO to RGO	(820−823)
			- Recovers some electronic properties
			- Modifies surface groups to reduced forms
	UV reduction	Surface	- Reduces GO to RGO	(824−827)
			- Recovers some electronic properties
			- Modifies surface groups to reduced forms
	Microwave reduction	Surface	- Reduces GO to RGO	(828)
			- Recovers some electronic properties
			- Modifies surface groups to reduced forms
	Bacterial reduction	Surface	- Reduces GO to RGO	(829)
			- Recovers some electronic properties
			- Modifies surface groups to reduced forms
	Heteroatom doping	Surface	- Installs handles	(830−835)
			- Creates defect sites
			- Increases/decreases electron transfer
	1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition	Surface	- Installs handles	(781, 836, 837)
			- Creates defect sites
			- Increases/decreases electron transfer
			- Solubility
	Radical addition	Surface	- Installs handles	(778, 838−842)
			- Creates defect sites
			- Increases/decreases electron transfer
			- Solubility
	[2 + 1] cycloaddition	Surface	- Installs handles	(843, 844)
			- Creates defect sites
			- Increase/decrease electron transfer
			- Solubility
	[3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement	Surface	- Installs handles	(845)
			- Creates defect sites
			- Increases/decreases electron transfer
	Alkylation	Surface	- Installs handles	(846)
			- Creates defect sites
			- Increases/decreases electron transfer
	Halogenation	Surface	- Installs handles	(847−854)
			- Creates defect sites
			- Increases/decreases electron transfer
	Amide couplings	Surface	- Attaches linkers	(857−864, 872−875)
			- Attaches molecular recognition groups
			- Attaches solubilizing groups
			- Passivation for biological applications
	Polymerization	Surface	- Attaches solubilizing groups	(889−892)
			- Increases/decreases electron transfer
	Esterification	Surface	- Attaches linkers	(876−879)
			- Attaches solubilizing groups
	Etherification	Surface	- Attaches linkers	(880)
			- Attaches solubilizing groups
	Silylation	Surface	- Attaches linkers	(881−884)
			- Attaches solubilizing groups
			- Attaches molecular recognition groups
	Nucleophilic addition	Surface	- Attaches linkers	(878, 885)
			- Attaches solubilizing groups