Table 7. Advances in CNM Fluorescence Sensors for Environmental Monitoring.

	Target	Materials	System	Limit of Detection	Ref
Pathogens	Polyphenols	SWCNTs	Soybean and leaf tissue of Tococa spp.	–	(1159)
	E. coli	CDs-microspheres	Milk	240 CFU/mL	(1160)
	E. coli and S. aureus	CsWO3-CDs	In vitro	70 CFU/mL	(1161)
	P. aeruginosa and S. aureus	SWCNTs in hydrogel	In vitro	–	(1163)
	Acyl-homoserine lactones from Gram-negative bacteria	Citric acid and glycine CDs	Fish, juice, and milk	<7 × 10–5 μM	(1164)
	E. coli, S. sciuri, D. desulfuricans, L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa	Boronic acid, polymixin, and vancomycin functionalized CDs	In vitro	–	(1165)
	E. coli and S. aureus	Ag-CDs	River water	0.1 mg/mL	(1166)
	S. aureus	Fe3O4-CDs	Milk and juice	8 CFU/mL	(1035)
	P. aeruginosa	NiFe2O4-CDs	In vitro	–	(1167)
ROS/RNS	H2O2	Hemin-aptamer-SWCNTs	A. thaliana leaves	–	(1225)
	H2O2, dopamine, riboflavin, ascorbic acid, pH	ssDNA-SWCNTs	In vitro	–	(1226)
	H2O2	SWCNTs	Lettuce, arugula, spinach, strawberry blite, sorrel, and A. thaliana leaves	–	(1227)
	H2O2/NO	SWCNTs	A.thaliana leaves	–	(1228)
	ClO–	N-CDs	Pool and tap water	0.03 μM	(1229)
Plant hormones	Gibberellins	SWCNTs	Arabidopsis, lettuce, and basil roots	GA3 (542 nM) and GA4 (2.96 μM)	(1220)
	Zeatin	Dye-labeled aptamers-GO	Plant tissue culture	60 nM	(1221)
	Jasmonic acid	NCQDs@Co metal organic frameworks, molecularly imprinted polymers	Rice leaves	0.35 ng/mL	(1222)
	Abscisic acid	CQDs@ZIF-8/Apt-AuNPs	Rice seeds	30.0 ng/mL	(1246)
	NAA (1-naphthalene acetic acid) and 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid)	Cationic polymer wrapped-SWCNTs	Spinach, A. thaliana, bok choy, and rice	NAA (8.2 μM) and 2,4-D (0.35 μM)	(1224)
Contaminants and explosives	TNP	CD+wood	In vitro	0.27 μM	(1168)
	Picric acid	S-CDs	In vitro	3.2 μM	(1169)
	Picric acid	N-CDs	Industrial effluent water	1.8 nM	(1170)
	TNT	N-CDs	Sandy soil	30.0 nM	(1171)
	Hg2+ and thiophanate methyl	Thioctic acid-CDs	Tap water, grape juice, and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium water	Hg2+ (33.3 nM) and TM (7.6 nM)	(1172)
	Malathion	Au-CDs	Entire cabbage	1 nM	(1173)
	Methyl orange, rhodamine 6G, and bromophenol blue	N-Oxidized CDs	In vitro	38 nM	(1174)
	Carbendazim	Serine and histidine functionalized GQDs	Tomatoes	6.1 × 10–17 M	(1175)
	Pyrene	GO-GQDs	Lake water	0.325 μM	(1176)
	Tetracycline hydrochloride	Poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride functionalized graphene	Milk	0.9284 nM	(1177)
	TNP	CDs	Lake and tap water	1.31 μM (tap water) and 0.99 μM (lake water)	(1178)
	Tetracycline	Alginate-CDs	In vitro	2 μM	(1179)
	PNP (4-nitrophenol), DNP (1,3-dinitrophenol), TNP (1,3,5-trinitrophenol), MET (metronidazole), DCNA (2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline)	NiFe2O4-CDs	River water	PNP: 65 nM	(1180)
				DNP: 74 nM
				TNP: 78 nM
				MET: 57 nM
				DCNA: 100 nM
	TNP	ZnSe-CDs	River water	12.4 μM	(1181)
	F–	Pyrene-boronic acid-based CDs	In vitro	0.59 μM	(1182)
	Glyphosate	N-CDs@SiO2	Malt	3.4 ng/mL	(1183)
	Methotrexate	N,S-CDs	In vitro	12 ng/mL	(1184)
	Malaoxon	GO sheet	Agricultural surplus water, carrot, and grape juice	1 nM	(1185)
Metals	As3+	SWCNTs	Spinach, Cretan brake fern, and indica rice	0.6 and 0.2 ppb of As after 7 and 14 d	(1186)
	Ag+	N-CDs	Lake water	0.5 nM	(1187)
	Cr6+	Chitosan-based hydrogel/titanate/cellulose nanofibers-CDs	In vitro	8.5 mg/L	(1188)
	Hg2+	Eu-CDs	Drinking water and milk	0.2 nM	(1189)
	Pb2+	Thiolated-CDs	Onion cell walls	–	(1190)
	Fe3+	CDs	In vitro	355 nM	(1191)
	Hg2+, Pb2+, and Cu2+	CDs	Pearl river water	Hg2+ (5.8 nM), Pb2+ (0.12 μM), and Cu2+ (0.076 μM)	(1192)
	Cr6+	EDTA-CDs	River water	0.8 μM	(1193)
	Fe2+	CDs	In vitro	0.62 ppm	(1194)
	Cr6+	Benzalkonium chloride-CDs	Tap water	0.03 μM	(1195)
	Cu2+	N,S-CDs	Tap water	0.3 μg/mL	(1196)
	Pb2+	CDs	In vitro	58.63 μM	(1197)
	Hg2+ and Pb2+	Nanofiber/Fe-CDs	In vitro	–	(1198)
	Co2+, Fe3+, Hg2+, and Pb2+	CDs	In vitro	Co2+ (96.8 nM), Fe3+ (61.7 nM), Hg2+ (39.5 nM), and Pb2+ (37.1 nM)	(1199)
	Pb2+ and Cu2+	AuCNs/N-CDs	River water	Pb2+ (0.5 μM) and Cu2+ (0.15 μM)	(1200)
	Hg2+	CDs	River water	1.26 ng/mL	(1201)
	Pb2+, Cu2+, and Ni2+	CDs	In vitro	Pb2+ (0.01 μM), Cu2+ (0.1 μM), and Ni2+ (0.1 μM)	(1202)
	Cu2+	CDs	In vitro	10 nM	(1203)
	Cr3+ and Pb2+	CDs	River water	Cr3+ (27 nM) and Pb2+ (34 nM)	(1204)
	Pb2+ and Hg2+	CDs	River water	Pb2+ (0.14 nM) and Hg2+ (0.22 nM)	(1205)
	Fe3+	CDs	In vitro	18 mg/L	(1206)
	Hg2+	N-CDs	Seafood	37 nM	(1207)
	Ag+	CDs	River water	1.4 nM	(1208)
	Hg2+	Graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots	Tap and rainwater	–	(1209)
	Fe3+, Cu2+, and Hg2+	N-GQDs	Tap water	Fe3+ (66.7 nM), Cu2+ (146.5 nM), and Hg2+ (47.9 nM)	(1210)
	Hg2+ and Fe3+	N-GQDs	Drinking water	0.1 μM	(1211)
	Hg2+ and F–	B,N-GQDs	In vitro	Hg2+ (0.16 μM) and F– (0.18 mM)	(1212)
	Hg2+	B,N-GQDs	River water	6.4 nM	(1213)
	Fe3+	B-GQDs	River water	31.2 nM	(1214)
	Hg2+, Pb2+, Cr2+, and Mn2+	SWCNTs	Fish tissue extract	33 nM for Hg2+	(1264)
	Cu2+, Cd 2+, Hg2+, and Pb2+	DNA-wrapped SWCNTs	In vitro	100 μM	(1265)
VOC (volatile organic compounds)	Diisopropylamine (DIPA) and dioxane	Carbon nano-onion (CNO)	In vitro	200 nM	(1216)
	Acetone	CDs	In vitro	1.5% v/v of acetone to water	(1217)
	Cr(VI), nitrobenzene (NB), m-nitroaniline (m-NA), and p-nitroaniline (p-NA)	MO-CNTs	In vitro	Cr(VI) (19 nM), NB (2 nM), m-NA (2 nM), and p-NA (2 nM)	(1218)
	Chloroform	CDs	In vitro	3 ppb	(1219)