Table 2.
Pleiotropy and heterogeneity tests of IVs for nine pregnancy and neonatal outcomes.
| Outcome | Pleiotropy | Heterogeneity | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MR-PRESSO (P-value) | MR-Egger (P-value) |
MR Egger (P-value) |
IVW (P-value) |
|
| Miscarriage | 0.168 | 0.007 | 0.589 | 0.152 |
| Preeclampsia or eclampsia | 0.414 | 0.129 | 0.496 | 0.391 |
| Gestational diabetes mellitus | 0.494 | 0.999 | 0.423 | 0.489 |
| Placental abruption | 0.210 | 0.364 | 0.214 | 0.216 |
| Premature rupture of membranes | 0.865 | 0.761 | 0.821 | 0.859 |
| Postpartum hemorrhage | 0.085 | 0.237 | 0.082 | 0.058 |
| Birthweight | 0.041 | 0.373 | 0.037 | 0.036 |
| Gestational age | 0.309 | 0.070 | 0.518 | 0.337 |
| Preterm birth | 0.595 | 0.489 | 0.602 | 0.635 |
IV, instrumental variable; MR, mendelian randomization; PRESSO, pleiotropy residual sum and outlier; IVW, inverse variance weighted.