Table 2.
Associations between various demographic characteristics of participants in the Effects of Physical Activity Calorie Expenditure (PACE) Food Labeling research study (2015–2017) and their average HEI-2015 meal score (n = 378)
| Characteristic | Healthy Eating Index-2015 Meal Score Mean (Standard Deviation) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|
| Age group | 0.09 | |
| Age < 45 | 46.6 (7.0) | |
| Age ≥ 45 | 47.8 (6.5) | |
| Sex | 0.13 | |
| Female | 46.7 (6.0) | |
| Male | 48.3 (9.0) | |
| Race | < 0.001* | |
| Asian | 51.5 (9.0) | |
| Other | 48.1 (5.4) | |
| White | 47.8 (7.1) | |
| Black | 45.7 (5.8) | |
| Education level | < 0.001† | |
| High school | 44.6 (5.8) | |
| Technical school/Associates degree | 46.3 (6.6) | |
| College graduate | 47.0 (6.5) | |
| Master’s degree+ | 49.1 (7.2) | |
| Current smoker | < 0.001 | |
| Yes | 41.9 (7.3) | |
| No | 47.4 (6.7) | |
| Adequatea numeracy level | 0.008 | |
| Yes | 47.9 (6.8) | |
| No | 46.0 (6.6) | |
| Adequateb health literacy level | 0.005 | |
| Yes | 47.8 (6.4) | |
| No | 45.6 (7.4) | |
| Self-reported health status | 0.047‡ | |
| Excellent/very good | 47.9 (7.2) | |
| Good | 46.1 (6.5) | |
| Fair/poor | 46.5 (4.6) | |
| Total yearly household income | < 0.001§ | |
| $25,000-$49,999 | 44.9 (6.1) | |
| $50,000-$99,999 | 47.1 (6.6) | |
| $100,000+ | 49.1 (7.0) | |
| Occupation description | 0.006¶ | |
| Administration/clerical | 46.0 (5.3) | |
| Customer service/sales | 45.3 (7.3) | |
| Financial/technical | 48.0 (6.6) | |
| Management | 48.2 (7.2) | |
| Physical activity level (minutes per week) | < 0.001# | |
| 1–0-59 | 44.5 (5.4) | |
| 2–60-149 | 47.7 (5.9) | |
| 3–150-299 | 46.4 (7.2) | |
| 4–300+ | 50.5 (6.0) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.18 | |
| <25 | 47.9 (6.5) | |
| 25.1–29.9 | 47.9 (7.2) | |
| ≥30 | 46.5 (6.1) | |
| High blood pressure | 0.86 | |
| Yes | 47.2 (5.9) | |
| No | 47.0 (7.0) | |
| High cholesterol | 0.87 | |
| Yes | 47.2 (7.5) | |
| No | 47.1 (6.6) | |
| History diabetes | 0.96 | |
| Yes | 47.0 (6.6) | |
| No | 47.1 (6.8) |
a 2 or 3 correct out of 3 items
b 5 correct out of 6 items
* Significant comparisons: White – Black; Black- Asian
† Significant comparisons: High school – Master’s +; Tech school/Assoc. deg. – Master’s +
‡ Significant comparisons: Excellent/very good – Good
§ Significant comparisons: All pairwise
¶ Significant comparisons: Customer services/sales-Management; Financial/technical-Management
# Significant comparisons: Physical activity level 1–2; 1–4; 3–4