Table 2.

Factors longitudinally associated with pain medication denial among people who use drugs in Vancouver, Canada

	Unadjusted (n = 4179)		Adjusted (n = 4134**)
Characteristic	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	p – value	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	p – value
Age
Per year older	0.97 (0.96–0.98)	< 0.001	0.98 (0.97–0.99))	< 0.001
Sex
Male vs. female	1.06 (0.85–1.30)	0.616
Ethnicity/Ancestry
Indigenous vs. White	0.92 (0.75–1.13)	0.439
POC/other vs. White	0.71 (0.41–1.25)	0.237
Education completed
≥ High school vs  < High school	1.08 (0.88–1.33)	0.442
Living with HIV
Yes vs. no	0.64 (0.53–0.79)	< 0.001	0.83 (0.67–1.03)	0.088
HCV status
Seropositive vs. seronegative	0.86 (0.67–1.10)	0.223
Physical disability
Yes vs. no	1.07 (0.89–1.28)	0.474
Housing status*
Unstable vs. stable	1.26 (1.06–1.49)	0.008	1.11 (0.92–1.33)	0.274
Downtown Eastside residency*
Yes vs. no	1.12 (0.94–1.35)	0.208
Incarceration*
Yes vs. no	2.00 (1.44–2.76)	< 0.001	1.39 (0.98–1.96)	0.066
Opioid agonist therapy*
Yes vs. no	1.38 (1.15–1.66)	0.001	1.32 (1.09–1.61)	0.005
Non-fatal overdose*
Yes vs. no	1.86 (1.52–2.28)	< 0.001	1.51 (1.22–1.88)	< 0.001
Self-manage pain*
Yes vs. no	2.74 (2.30–3.26)	< 0.001	2.48 (2.04–3.00)	< 0.001
Heavy alcohol use*
Yes vs. no	1.15 (0.93–1.43)	0.191
Daily cannabis use*
Yes vs. no	1.16 (0.97–1.40)	0.11
Daily stimulant use*,†
Yes vs. no	1.39 (1.16–1.66)	< 0.001	1.12 (0.92–1.36)	0.251
Daily heroin/unregulated opioid use*
Yes vs. no	1.91 (1.55–2.35)	< 0.001	1.32 (1.05–1.66)	0.018
Any injection drug use*
Yes vs. no	1.61 (1.36–1.92)	< 0.001	1.12 (0.91–1.38)	0.302
Daily non-medical prescription opioid use*
Yes vs. no	1.36 (1.02–1.82)	0.034	1.24 (0.91–1.69)	0.177
Period
2016–2020 vs. 2012–2015	1.05 (0.90–1.23)	0.509

GEE generalized estimating equations, CI confidence interval, POC person of colour, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, HCV hepatitis C virus

^*in the six months prior to the interview date

^†Defined as daily cocaine, crack, or meth use

^**45 observations were removed from the final model due to missing data