Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of the sample
| Parameter | Controls (n = 15) | DBS On (n = 13) | DBS Off (n = 13) | P-values | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, range in years | 62.9, 55–78 (1.0) | 60.5, 47–70 (1.7) | 63.1, 52–72 (1.7) | 0.5 | |
| Gender | 7:8 | 9:4 | 10:3 | ||
| Duration of disease (months) | 173.4 (22.1) | 172.9 (17.2) | 0.99 | ||
| Levodopa-equivalent dose (mg per day) | 477.5 (80.6) | 350.4 (73.4) | 0.26 | ||
| UPDRS III | Baseline | 13.6 (1.9) | 14.2 (1.4) | 0.80 | |
| Retesting | 13.7 (1.8) | 30.5 (2.9) | <0.001 | ||
| EHI | 86.7 (8.6) | 88.9 (5.1) | 81.5 (6.9) | 0.2a | |
| TMT (total) | 69.4 (4.5) | 93.8 (15.2) | 82.0 (5.3) | 0.1b | |
| RWT | 17.1 (1.3) | 15.2 (1.11) | 13.8 (1.2) | 0.2 | |
| Digit Span (total) | 6.8 (0.3) | 6.7 (0.6) | 7.0 (0.5) | 0.9 | |
| MWT-B | 30.7 (0.8) | 31.7 (1.5) | 31.2 (1.1) | 0.8 | |
| GDS | 1.7 (0.2) | 3.5 (0.9) | 3.6 (1.0) | 0.2a | |
| TAP | |||||
| Arousal | Baseline | 307.4 (33.3) | 341.6 (21.4) | 328.0 (19.5) | 0.6 |
| (Alertness task) | Retesting | 293.6 (24.7) | 348.3 (23.2) | 366.0 (35.3) | 0.3 |
| Cognitive flexibility | Baseline | 2.7 (0.5) | 5.2 (1.4) | 4.3 (1.1) | 0.2 |
| (dual task) | Retesting | 1.3 (0.5) | 4.8 (1.6) | 4.2 (0.8) | 0.01b |
| Con versus Off: | |||||
| 0.03c | |||||
| Impulsivity | Baseline | 1.0 (0.7) | 2.7 (1.2) | 2.5 (1.6) | 0.6 |
| (Go/nogo task) | Retesting | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.3 (0.2) | 2.3 (1.0) | 0.05a |
| Off versus On: | |||||
| 0.05d | |||||
Note. Statistic comparisons of group mean differences between controls versus On–On versus On–Off.
Data were given as group means (SEM).
UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; EHI, Edinburgh Handedness Inventory; TMT, trail marking test; RWT, Regensburger Wortflüssigkeits test; MWT-B, Mehrfachwahl Wortschatz Intelligenztest; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; TAP, Testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeitsprüfung.
Tests for statistical evaluation: aKruskal–Wallis H test, bWelch test, cTamhane-T2 test and dDunn–Bonferroni test; otherwise ANOVA.