Table 1.
Effects of IBD drugs on the cardiovascular system and CVD drugs on the GI tract
| Medication | CV Effects | GI Effects |
|---|---|---|
| IBD medications | ||
| 5-Aminosalicylates | Myopericarditis (196) | Induction and maintenance of remission in IBD (197, 198) |
| Arrythmia (199) | ||
| Corticosteroid | HF (200) Hypertension Hyperlipidemia |
Induction of IBD remission |
| Azathioprine | Arrythmia (201) | Induction and maintenance of remission |
| Anti-TNF | HF (202) Decreased ATE (203) |
Induction and maintenance of remission (204) |
| Anti-integrins (Vedolizumab) | Cerebral hemorrhage (205) | Induction and maintenance of remission |
| Anti-IL12/IL23 (Ustekinumab) | Dyslipidemia (206) | Induction and maintenance of remission |
| Tofacitinib | VTE (199) Induce herpes zoster (207) |
Induction and maintenance of remission (208–210) |
| CVD medications | ||
| ACEI/ARB | Lower BP and treat HF | Improve disease outcomes in patients with IBD (211) |
| Aspirin | Anti-platelet and prevention for patients with high risk of CVD | Risk of GI bleeding Possibly increase the risk of developing CD (212) |
| Heparin | Reduce risk of VTE | Alleviate IBD inflammation (213) |
| Ridogrel | Anti-platelet | Reduce mucosal thromboxane B2 (214) |
| Statins | Lower cholesterol | Decrease risk of new onset IBD (215) Relieve inflammation in CD patients (216) |
ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BP, blood pressure; CD, Crohn’s disease; CV, cardiovascular; CVD, cardiovascular diseases; GI, gastrointestinal; HF, heart failure; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; IL, interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; VTE, venous thromboembolism.