Table 2.
Changes in mean arterial pressure and cMRI outcome variables
| Ketone |
Placebo |
P Value |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 min | 15 min | 30 min | 45 min | 60 min | 0 min | 15 min | 30 min | 45 min | 60 min | Condition | Time | Interaction | |
| Mean arterial pressure, mmHg | 69 ± 2 | 71 ± 2 | 71 ± 3 | 71 ± 3 | 72 ± 3 | 68 ± 3 | 72 ± 3 | 71 ± 3 | 73 ± 3 | 71 ± 3 | 0.810 | 0.037 | 0.616 |
| LV morphology | |||||||||||||
| EDV, mL | 152 ± 7 | 155 ± 7 | 154 ± 7 | 153 ± 8 | 152 ± 7 | 154 ± 8 | 155 ± 7 | 152 ± 7 | 153 ± 8 | 150 ± 7 | 0.519 | 0.253 | 0.394 |
| ESV, mL | 62 ± 4 | 61 ± 3 | 59 ± 3 | 58 ± 3 | 59 ± 4 | 63 ± 4 | 65 ± 4 | 64 ± 4 | 64 ± 4 | 62 ± 4 | 0.023 | 0.171 | 0.263 |
| LV function | |||||||||||||
| Ejection fraction, % | 59 ± 1 | 61 ± 1† | 61 ± 1*† | 62 ± 1*† | 61 ± 1* | 59 ± 1 | 58 ± 1 | 58 ± 1 | 58 ± 1 | 59 ± 1 | 0.033 | ||
| End-systolic elastance, mmHg/mL | 1.50 ± 0.10 | 1.55 ± 0.11 | 1.60 ± 0.11 | 1.64 ± 0.11 | 1.64 ± 0.12 | 1.43 ± 0.09 | 1.46 ± 0.10 | 1.47 ± 0.09 | 1.49 ± 0.09 | 1.51 ± 0.10 | 0.008 | 0.002 | 0.479 |
| Arterial elastance, mmHg/mL | 1.01 ± 0.05 | 0.98 ± 0.05 | 0.99 ± 0.05 | 1.00 ± 0.06 | 1.03 ± 0.06 | 0.99 ± 0.05 | 1.03 ± 0.05 | 1.04 ± 0.05 | 1.05 ± 0.06 | 1.05 ± 0.05 | 0.129 | 0.018 | 0.052 |
| LV-arterial coupling, Ea/Ees | 0.69 ± 0.03 | 0.65 ± 0.02† | 0.63 ± 0.03*† | 0.62 ± 0.02*† | 0.64 ± 0.03* | 0.70 ± 0.03 | 0.72 ± 0.03 | 0.72 ± 0.03 | 0.72 ± 0.03 | 0.71 ± 0.03 | 0.030 | ||
| Peak circumferential strain, % | −19.8 ± 0.6 | −20.1 ± 0.6 | −20.2 ± 0.7 | −20.1 ± 0.6 | −19.7 ± 0.6 | −19.4 ± 0.6 | −19.6 ± 0.5 | −19.3 ± 0.5 | −19.3 ± 0.4 | −19.3 ± 0.6 | 0.040 | 0.524 | 0.508 |
| Systolic circumferential strain rate, %/s | −99 ± 2 | −100 ± 3 | −105 ± 3† | −105 ± 3† | −105 ± 4† | −97 ± 2 | −97 ± 2 | −96 ± 2 | −95 ± 2 | −96 ± 2 | 0.034 | ||
| Early diastolic circumferential strain rate, %/s | 152 ± 6 | 152 ± 8 | 150 ± 8 | 150 ± 8 | 147 ± 8 | 148 ± 7 | 141 ± 6 | 136 ± 5 | 137 ± 5 | 138 ± 6 | 0.036 | 0.058 | 0.617 |
| Torsion, °/cm | 3.0 ± 0.1 | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 3.4 ± 0.2 | 3.3 ± 0.1 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 3.0 ± 0.1 | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 3.3 ± 0.2 | 0.337 | 0.030 | 0.268 |
| Peak twisting rate, °/s | 39 ± 2 | 40 ± 2 | 41 ± 2 | 45 ± 2 | 47 ± 2 | 41 ± 2 | 40 ± 2 | 41 ± 2 | 41 ± 2 | 41 ± 2 | 0.326 | 0.042 | 0.057 |
| Peak untwisting rate, °/s | −60 ± 3 | −57 ± 3 | −60 ± 4 | −64 ± 4 | −67 ± 4† | −59 ± 2 | −60 ± 3 | −55 ± 3 | −59 ± 3 | −56 ± 4 | 0.026 | ||
Data reported as means ± SE for n = 11 young, healthy adults. Ea, arterial elastance; EDV, end-diastolic volume; Ees, end-systolic elastance; ESV, end-systolic volume. *P <0.05 vs. 0 min, †P <0.05 vs. placebo (significant values in bold).