Table 2.

Interventions (N = 9).

	Intervention	Intervention period	f/u	Effect on QOL	Statistical data
1[19]	Consultation with a community-based general pediatrician who completed an online Clinical Decision Support Training Program Provider: general pediatrician who completed an online Clinical Decision Support Training Program	Once or twice	-Baseline - 3 months	(N) There was no significant change in the child’s quality of life.	Not mentioned
2[15]	The food allergy handbook Components: allergen avoidance, symptom recognition and emergency treatment, practical strategies for managing allergies in daily life, coping with social and emotional challenges, educating others regarding food allergy, and teaching children regarding allergy management	Handbook group were instructed to read the handbook before the two-week follow-up.	- Baseline - Two weeks - Two months	(Y) At the 2-month follow-up, the handbook group had significantly greater improvement in quality-of-life scores than the control group.	Mean difference −0.48 (−0.79 to −0.16); P = .004
3[20]	Booklet and monthly reminder text messages Components: serving size guide and list of commercial foods containing specific nuts and recipes. Provider: dieticians	Six months text message: 5 times	Six months	(N) There was no significant change in FAQL-PB scores across the entire cohort at the 6 month follow-up.	Not mentioned
4[22]	Cognitive behavioral therapy Components: psychoeducation, including both the risk of living with high anxiety and the risk of fatal anaphylaxis for a child with food allergy, and coping thoughts and relaxation technique Provider: pediatrician in training, registered nurses, qualified psychologist	45 minutes, one session 15 minutes reinforcement (at 2 and 6 weeks)	-Baseline -Six weeks - 1 year	(N) There was no significant difference between the groups’ FAQLQ scores at either time-point.	At 6 weeks mean difference 0.13 (−0.26, 0.50; P = .54; d = 0.09) At 1 year mean difference 0.04 (−0.45, 0.54; P = .86; d = 0.03).
5[16]	Practice self-injection (with an empty syringe) Components: how to hold the syringe, put the point of the needle, insert, and dispose securely Provider: researchers	Not mentioned	-Baseline -One month	(N) There were no significant differences between group means.	P = .47
6[17]	Touching their allergen and education Components: hold a cup with a nut and touch the nut with their finger, education regarding being in proximity of and having contact with peanut and/or tree nuts Provider: physician	Time for each step was 5 minutes	-Baseline -One month	(N) There was no statistical difference between the groups.	P = .76
7[21]	Consultation with a community-based general pediatrician Provider: general pediatrician who had completed an online Clinical Decision Support Training Program	Not mentioned	-Six months -12 months	(Y)_ Food anxiety At 12 months, families reported less food allergy–related anxiety but more food-related social and dietary limitations compared with CC families.	Food anxiety mean difference − 0.29 (−0.50 to − 0.08); P = .01 Social and dietary limitations mean difference, 0.15 (0.12–0.19); P < .001
8[23]	Supported by a medical clown (MC) during the induction week of oral immunotherapy (OIT) for food allergy Provider: MC who graduated from the Dream Doctors organization The MC first met the patients at their arrival to the allergy clinic on the first day of OIT and supported them throughout the first up-dosing days	Four days (up to 6 hours/day).	One time	(Y)_children aged 8–12 years The support of a MC was most significantly associated with better QOL scores of children in allergen avoidance, dietary restrictions domains, and the total score. The support of a MC did not significantly impact children’s QOL (aged 4–12years), as perceived by their parents.	Allergen avoidance mean difference 1.33 (0.73–1.92); P < .001 Dietary restrictions mean difference 1.69 (1.12–2.26); P < .001 Total score mean difference 0.94 (0.44–1.44); P < .001 (P = .81)
9[18]	Peer mentorship program Mentor: primary caregivers of a child aged between 5 and 18 years, diagnosed with FA at least 1 year prior Communication: in-person meetings, phone, text, and email Components: tailored to the needs of the mentee.	Six months Frequency of contact was from 2 to 12 or more times.	Baseline Follow up: 6-month (unclear)	(N) Mentees’ scores decreased, but there were no statistically significant differences	Mentees’ scores decreased from 3.32 to 2.33 (95% CI = −2.32, 0.06) P = .06