Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the patients in the remission and non-remission groups.
| Non-remission (n = 13) | Remission (n = 12) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 60.0 (53.0–64.0) | 60.5 (58.0–64.0) | .763 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 3 (23.1) | 1 (8.3) | .315 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.0 (24.0–27.5) | 26.0 (24.3–28.8) | .603 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 7.0 (4.5–10.0) | 2.0 (0.0–6.5) | .023* |
| Medication history before surgery | 10 (76.9) | 9 (75.0) | .910 |
| Alcohol, current | 7 (53.8) | 4 (33.3) | .302 |
| Smoking, current | 8 (61.5) | 3 (25.0) | .066 |
| Glucose, fasting, mg/dL | 109.0 (78.0–161.5) | 108.0 (81.8–124.5) | .849 |
| Glucose, stimulated (30 minutes), mg/dL | 176.0 (159.5–211.0) | 185.0 (161.3–223.8) | .550 |
| Glucose, stimulated (60 minutes), mg/dL | 251.0 (210.0–279.5) | 232.0 (211.0–289.3) | .913 |
| Glucose, stimulated (90 minutes), mg/dL | 267.0 (251.5–285.0) | 255.0 (237.5–286.5) | .341 |
| Glucose, stimulated (120 minutes), mg/dL | 275.0 (241.0–321.5) | 241.0 (178.0–296.3) | .142 |
| Insulin, fasting, μIU/mL | 9.3 (5.9–14.2) | 9.1 (7.3–15.3) | .744 |
| Insulin, stimulated (30 minutes), μIU/mL | 14.7 (11.2–37.5) | 21.4 (13.7–32.9) | .434 |
| Insulin, stimulated (60 minutes), μIU/mL | 21.4 (12.7–48.8) | 30.2 (17.6–48.3) | .577 |
| Insulin, stimulated (90 minutes), μIU/mL | 23.9 (17.5–52.8) | 40.1 (21.6–66.7) | .231 |
| Insulin, stimulated (120 minutes), μIU/mL | 21.9 (15.4–54.9) | 29.3 (22.4–43.6) | .586 |
| HbA1c, % | 6.9 (6.5–8.8) | 6.7 (6.3–7.7) | .384 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.2 (1.2–4.3) | 2.7 (1.7–3.7) | .744 |
| HOMA-IR ≥ 2.49 (M), n (%) | 6 (46.2) | 7 (58.3) | .543 |
| Matsuda index | 4.7 (2.8–8.8) | 4.0 (2.9–5.7) | .642 |
| Matsuda index ≥ 4.0 (M), n (%) | 7 (53.8) | 5 (50.0) | .855 |
| HOMA-β | 70.3 (47.7–212.6) | 65.0 (47.4–144.7) | .773 |
| HOMA-β ≥ 70 (M), n (%) | 6 (50.0) | 6 (50.0) | >.99 |
| Insulinogenic index | 0.08 (0.03–0.11) | 0.18 (0.07–0.28) | .117 |
| Insulinogenic index ≥ 0.095 (M), n (%) | 4 (30.8) | 8 (72.7) | .041* |
Values are presented as medians (interquartile range) or numbers (%).
Remission: HbA1c level after 1 year was <6.0% without medication.
BMI = body mass index, HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c, HOMA-β = homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function, HOMA-IR = homeostasis model assessment: estimated insulin resistance, (M) = median value.
*
Statistically significant remission vs non-remission by Mann–Whitney U test.