Fig. 3.

Differentiation trajectory and marker expression of beetle testes. a and b) The linear development of sperm cells as inferred by ouija pseudotime analysis of β₂-tubulin, Rad50, and Enolase is consistent with labeled clusters. Reported as per cell expression on a) UMAP projection and b) per cluster boxplot. c and d) Trajectories are also reported as determined by c) monocle v3 and d) SCvelo RNA velocity. Cells are colored by their cluster identification. e) Markers that show some differentiation and linear relationships between or within clusters are reported as expressions of each cell in UMAP projection. f) Markers identified from monocle-derived gene expression markers and represented as normalized average expression values across clusters on a heatmap.