Table 1.
Markers previously used to identify sperm differentiation in insect species
| Marker | Cell type | Drosophila gene | Tribolium gene | Average expression | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| stg | GSC | FBgn0003525 | TcasGA2-TC001885 | 0 | Fly |
| vasa | GSC | FBgn0283442 | – | – | Fly |
| esg | GSC | FBgn0287768 | TcasGA2-TC014474 | 0 | Fly |
| zpg | GSC | FBgn0024177 | TcasGA2-TC005460 | 0 | Fly |
| squid | GSC | FBgn0263396 | TcasGA2-TC000928 | 0.3 | Mosquito |
| geminin | GSC | FBgn0033081 | TcasGA2-TC006282 | 0.08 | Mosquito |
| RacGAP1 | GSC | FBgn0045843 | TcasGA2-TC010549 | 0.19 | Mosquito |
| bam | Spermatogonia | FBgn0000158 | – | – | Fly |
| aub | Spermatogonia | FBgn0000146 | TcasGA2-TC008711 | 0.09 | Fly |
| kmg | Spermatogonia | FBgn0032473 | TcasGA2-TC014806 | 0 | Fly |
| Rbp4 | Primary Spermatocyte | FBgn0010258 | – | – | Fly |
| aly | Primary Spermatocyte | FBgn0004372 | – | – | Fly |
| can | Primary Spermatocyte | FBgn0011569 | TcasGA2-TC011780 | 0.6 | Fly |
| sa | Primary Spermatocyte | FBgn0002842 | – | – | Fly |
| CycB | Secondary Spermatocyte | FBgn0000405 | TcasGA2-TC014544 | 0.53 | Fly |
| β2-tub | Secondary Spermatocyte | FBgn0003889 | TcasGA2-TC009035 | 23 | Mosquito |
| fzo | Secondary Spermatocyte | FBgn0011596 | – | – | Fly |
| Dic61B | Secondary Spermatocyte | FBgn0263988 | TcasGA2-TC034331 | 0 | Fly |
| elf4E-5 | Spermatid | … | – | – | Mosquito |
| Protamine | Spermatid | FBgn0013300 | TcasGA2-TC007828 | 17 | Mosquito |
| Dnah-3 | Spermatid | FBgn0035581 | TcasGA2-TC005485 | 0.21 | Mosquito |
| p-cup | Spermatid | FBgn0030840 | TcasGA2-TC007034 | 0.8 | Mosquito |
| Pp2C1 | Elongating spermatid | FBgn0022768 | TcasGA2-TC034727 | 0.08 | Fly |
| CG6701 | Elongating spermatid | FBgn0033889 | TcasGA2-TC008350 | 3.9 | Fly |
| Parp16 | Elongating spermatid | FBgn0034129 | TcasGA2-TC010849 | 0.003 | Fly |
| Glut3 | Elongating spermatid | FBgn0015230 | – | – | Fly |
| tj | Hub Cyst Cell | FBgn0000964 | TcasGA2-TC033194 | 0 | Fly |
| CG3902 | Hub Cyst Cell | FBgn0036824 | TcasGA2-TC005596 | 0.007 | Fly |
| piwi | Hub Cyst Cell | FBgn0004872 | TcasGA2-TC008711 | 0.09 | Fly |
| Amph | Hub Cyst Cell | FBgn0027356 | TcasGA2-TC032117 | 0.24 | Fly |
| eya | Cyst cell | FBgn0000320 | TcasGA2-TC008985 | 0.09 | Fly |
| Akr1B | Cyst cell | FBgn0086254 | TcasGA2-TC004881 | 2.9 | Fly |
| geko | Cyst cell | FBgn0020300 | TcasGA2-TC031823 | 0 | Fly |
| so | Elongating Cyst cells | FBgn0003460 | TcasGA2-TC030468 | 0.19 | Fly |
| Nep4 | Elongating Cyst cells | FBgn0038818 | TcasGA2-TC006174 | 0.024 | Fly |
| Fas3 | Cyst marker | FBgn0000636 | TcasGA2-TC014942 | 0 | Fly |
Sources of marker genes from previous scRNA-seq studies in Drosophila and Anopheles (Page et al. 2023; Raz et al. 2023a, 2023b). Average expression refers to normalized mean expression across cells for each marker.