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. 2024 Jan 20;53(5):1134–1154. doi: 10.1007/s10964-023-01885-5

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — A visual representation of the final path models for adolescents and mothers. Random-intercept cross-lagged panel models on the associations between perceived autonomy support, perceived emotional support and prosocial behavior from mothers and adolescents’ prosocial behavior. Solid arrows represent relations that are significant, the dotted arrows represent relations that are not significant, the dashed arrows represent relations that could not be constrained over time and were at particular waves (non)significant. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001