Table 4.
Associations of adolescents’ prosocial behavior with prosocial behavior, autonomy support and emotional support from siblings and friends
| Sibling model | Friend model | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameters | B (SE) | β (SE) | p | B (SE) | β (SE) | p |
| Between-level correlations | ||||||
| Prosocial behavior A with prosocial behavior S/FR | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.13 (0.08) | 0.120 | 0.06 (0.02) | 0.33 (0.09) | 0.000 |
| Prosocial behavior A with autonomy support S/FR | 0.04 (0.01) | 0.32 (0.13) | 0.012 | 0.06 (0.01) | 0.58 (0.07) | 0.000 |
| Prosocial behavior A with emotional support S/FR | 0.11 (0.02)/0.04(0.02) | 0.42 (0.08)/0.20 (0.13) | 0.000/0.116 | 0.11 (0.02) | 0.56 (0.08) | 0.000 |
| Within time associations T1 | ||||||
| Prosocial behavior A with prosocial behavior S/FR | 0.17 (0.04) | 0.17 (0.06) | 0.004 | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.191 |
| Prosocial behavior A with autonomy support S/FR | 0.07 (0.02) | 0.25 (0.07) | 0.000 | 0.06 (0.02) | 0.18 (0.06) | 0.000 |
| Prosocial behavior A with emotional support S/FR | 0.11 (0.03) | 0.28 (0.07) | 0.000 | 0.09 (0.03) | 0.18 (0.06) | 0.001 |
| Correlated change T2–T6 | ||||||
| Prosocial behavior A with prosocial behavior S/FR | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.053 | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.450 |
| Prosocial behavior A with autonomy support S/FR | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.10 (0.03) | 0.001 | 0.04 (0.01) | 0.13 (0.03) | 0.001 |
| Prosocial behavior A with emotional support S/FR | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.07 (0.03) | 0.006 | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.09 (0.03) | 0.005 |
| Lagged-effects: adolescent effectsa T1–T6 | ||||||
| Prosocial behavior A → prosocial behavior S/FR | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.166 | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.091 |
| Prosocial behavior A → autonomy support S/FR | 0.04 (0.01) | 0.07 (0.03) | 0.010 | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.192 |
| Prosocial behavior A → emotional support S/FR | −0.03 (0.02) | 0.08 (0.04) | 0.071 | −0.03 (0.02) | −0.04 (0.03) | 0.249 |
| Lagged- effects: S/FR effectsb T1–T6 | ||||||
| Prosocial behavior S/FR → prosocial behavior A | −0.02 (0.04) | −0.02 (0.04) | 0.643 | −0.00 (0.03) | −0.00 (0.02) | 0.961 |
| Autonomy support S/FR → prosocial behavior A | 0.10 (0.07) | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.155 | 0.08 (0.06) | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.171 |
| Emotional support S/FR → prosocial behavior A | 0.03 (0.05) | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.574 | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.418 |
Separate models were conducted for autonomy support and emotional support, and for fathers, mothers, siblings and friends. T1 correlations show unconstrained within time fluctuations at T1. (un)Standardized within time associations and lagged effects were equal across time, hence represented by one value. Significant p values are represented in bold
A adolescents, S siblings, FR friends
aAdolescents effects refer to lagged effects from adolescents’ prosocial behavior to autonomy or emotional support from friends
bS/FR effects refer to lagged effects from siblings’ or friends’ prosocial behavior, autonomy/emotional support to adolescents’ prosocial behavior