Table 2.
Suboptimal glycemic control risk assessment of potential factors.
| Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age subcategories, years (%) | ||||
| 5–9.99 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| < 5 | 1.02, 0.48 to 2.17 | 1.11, 0.49 to 2.48 | 1.12, 0.45 to 2.75 | 1.18, 0.44 to 3.18 |
| 10–14.99 | 3.12, 1.04 to 9.3 | 3.23, 1.08 to 9.66 | 4.22, 1.21 to 14.65 | 4.85, 1.32 to 17.7 |
| 15–17.99 | 1.2, 0.41 to 3.48 | 0.42, 0.025 to7.22 | 8.83, 1.01 to 76.86 | – |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Female | 1.10, 0.58 to 2.11 | 0.95, 0.46 to 1.97 | 1.27, 0.57 to 2.8 | 1.05, 0.44 to 2.55 |
| Duration of diabetes, years | ||||
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 < duration ≤ 5 | 2.85, 1.2 to 6.8 | 2.24, 0.91 to 5.51 | 2.16, 0.76 to 6.08 | 1.95, 0.63 to 6.00 |
| > 5 | 2.08, 0.91 to 4.76 | 1.46, 0.57 to 3.71 | 1.88, 0.66 to 5.29 | 1.13, 0.35 to 3.67 |
| Body mass index | ||||
| 5th ≤ BMI < 85th | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| BMI < 5th | 0.98, 0.39 to 2.46 | 1.18, 0.45 to 3.14 | 0.80, 0.29 to 2.20 | 0.91, 0.30 to 2.72 |
| 85th ≤ BMI < 95th | 0.71, 0.24 to 2.09 | 0.66, 0.21 to 2.06 | 0.57, 0.16 to 2.03 | 0.77, 0.20 to 2.90 |
| BMI ≥ 95th | – | – | – | – |
| Disease onset season | ||||
| Autumn | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Winter | 1.26, 0.54 to 2.97 | 1.15, 0.45 to 2.97 | 1.11, 0.4 to 3.11 | 0.83, 0.26 to 2.61 |
| Spring | 3.27, 0.88 to 7.57 | 3.28, 1.06 to 10.17 | 1.79, 0.56 to 5.65 | 2.37, 0.66 to 8.50 |
| Summer | 1.24, 0.48 to 3.17 | 1.26, 0.48 to 3.3 | 1.04, 0.33 to 3.26 | 1.09, 0.31 to 3.83 |
| Order of birth | ||||
| First | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Second | 0.88, 0.44 to 1.75 | 0.89, 0.41 to 1.93 | 0.83, 0.37 to 1.89 | 1.09, 0.43 to 2.78 |
| Third | 0.59, 0.13 to 2.55 | 0.91, 0.16 to 5.1 | 0.51, 0.096 to 2.78 | 1.59, 0.22 to 11.2 |
| Blood group | ||||
| O positive | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| O negative | 0.85, 0.2 to 3.6 | 0.92, 0.19 to 4.30 | 0.26, 0.04 to 1.56 | 0.24, 0.03 to 1.72 |
| A positive | 1.08, 0.44 to 2.69 | 1.17, 0.42 to 3.24 | 1.64, 0.56 to 4.78 | 2.40, 0.69 to 8.27 |
| A negative | 0.48, 0.07 to 3.2 | 1.10, 0.10 to 12 | – | – |
| B positive | 1.1, 0.43 to 2.8 | 1.12, 0.4 to 3.14 | 1.34, 0.45 to 3.95 | 1.11, 0.33 to 3.70 |
| AB positive | 0.72, 0.19 to 2.68 | 1.44, 0.25 to 8.2 | 2.02, 0.21 to 19.06 | 2.30, 0.21 to 25.06 |
| Location | ||||
| Village | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| City | 0.57, 0.24 to 1.34 | 0.66, 0.26 to 1.68 | 0.43, 0.14 to 1.25 | 0.72, 0.23 to 2.24 |
| Parental ratio | ||||
| Non-consanguineous | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Consanguineous | 1.67, 0.68 to 4.08 | 1.48, 0.57 to 3.82 | 2.02, 0.67 to 6.02 | 1.73, 0.53 to 5.62 |
| Type of delivery | ||||
| Normal vaginal delivery | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Cesarean | 0.85, 0.42 to 1.71 | 0.76, 0.34 to 1.68 | 0.85, 0.37 to 1.96 | 0.78, 0.30 to 2.01 |
| Mode of delivery | ||||
| Term | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Pre-term | 0.33, 0.1 to 1.05 | 0.36, 0.10 to 1.33 | 0.28, 0.073 to 1.09 | 0.31, 0.07 to 1.41 |
| Family history of diabetes | ||||
| Negative | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Positive | 0.96, 0.5 to 1.87 | 0.85, 0.39 to 1.82 | 1.01, 0.46 to 2.25 | 0.82, 0.33 to 2.02 |
| Family history of dyslipidemia | ||||
| Negative | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Positive | 0.72, 0.36 to 1.43 | 0.64, 0.29 to 1.4 | 0.79, 0.33 to 1.87 | 0.51, 0.19 to 1.38 |
| Family history of autoimmune disease | ||||
| Negative | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Hypothyroidism | 1.92, 0.74 to 4.98 | 2.47, 0.85 to 7.22 | 2.08, 0.65 to 6.67 | 2.00, 0.56 to 7.15 |
| Graves | 0.52, 0.08 to 3.29 | 0.70, 0.059 to 8.44 | – | – |
| Rheumatism | 1.05, 0.1 to 10.4 | 1.04, 0.096 to 11.2 | 0.54, 0.04 to 6.81 | 0.54, 0.037 to 7.81 |
| Duration of breastfeeding, months | ||||
| 18–24 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| < 6 | 0.49, 0.2 to 1.18 | 0.68, 0.25 to 1.81 | 0.49, 0.15 to 1.59 | 0.66, 0.17 to 2.53 |
| 6–12 | 0.58, 0.1 to 3.3 | 0.89, 0.08 to 9.67 | 0.52, 0.04 to 6.69 | 0.65, 0.04 to 10.6 |
| 12–18 | 3.48, 0.43 to 28.2 | 3.00, 0.36 to 24.7 | 3.25, 0.38 to 27.3 | 3.78, 0.36 to 39.0 |
| Age of supplementary feeding, months | ||||
| 6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| > 6 | 0.32, 0.02 to 5.42 | 0.43, 0.02 to 7.66 | 0.25, 0.014 to 4.32 | 0.51, 0.02 to 9.58 |
| Hashimoto | ||||
| Negative | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Positive | 2.25, 0.67 to 7.45 | 5.73, 0.72 to 45.3 | 2.38, 0.50 to 11.2 | 4.41, 0.5 to 38.56 |
| DKA at diagnosis | ||||
| Negative | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Positive | 1.05, 0.54 to 2.05 | 1.25, 0.57 to 2.70 | 1.13, 0.49 to 2.61 | 1.25, 0.48 to 3.25 |
| Anti-TPO | ||||
| Negative | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Positive | 1.72, 0.66 to4.46 | 2.60, 0.72 to 9.36 | 1.98, 0.62 to 6.27 | 3.10, 0.63 to 15.12 |
| Anti-TTG | ||||
| Negative | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Positive | 0.36, 0.1 to 1.27 | 0.36, 0.98 to 1.33 | 0.39, 0.1 to 1.6 | 0.36, 0.078 to 1.71 |
| Pancreatic auto-antibody | ||||
| Negative | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Positive | 1.16, 0.54 to 2.51 | 1.12, 0.48 to 2.62 | 0.64, 0.23 to 1.77 | 0.57, 0.18 to 1.79 |
| Anti-GAD | ||||
| Negative | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Positive | 1.35, 0.67 to 2.72 | 1.03, 0.48 to 2.23 | 1.04, 0.45 to 2.37 | 0.72, 0.27 to 1.89 |
| Anti-ICA | ||||
| Negative | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Positive | 1.05, 0.53 to 2.09 | 1.16, 0.54 to 2.47 | 0.89, 0.39 to 2.03 | 0.87, 0.34 to 2.2 |
| Anti-IAA | ||||
| Negative | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Positive | 0.91, 0.42 to 1.97 | 1.009, 0.43 to 2.32 | 0.71, 0.28 to 1.79 | 0.93, 0.34 to 2.56 |
| Anti-IA2 | ||||
| Negative | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Positive | 0.96, 0.48 to 1.89 | 1.28, 0.60 to 2.70 | 0.84, 0.38 to 1.9 | 1.14, 0.46 to 2.86 |
| Treatment regimens | ||||
| NPH & regular | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Lantus & novorapid | 0.98, 0.45 to 2.1 | 1.02, 0.36 to 2.88 | 1.66, 0.6 to 4.56 | 1.45, 0.42 to 4.99 |
| Lantus & apidra | 0.84, 0.15 to 4.55 | 0.34, 0.05 to 2.29 | 1.88, 0.19 to 17.8 | 0.70, 0.05 to 9.74 |
| Levemir & apidra | 2.69, 0.32 to 22.6 | 2.45, 0.28 to 21.48 | 1.42, 0.15 to 13.0 | 2.05, 0.20 to 20.3 |
Model 1: unadjusted odds ratios (95%CI).
Model 2: ORs (95%CI) were adjusted according to age of diabetes onset, duration of diabetes, BMI, and season of diabetes onset.
Model 3: ORs (95%CI) were adjusted according to zinc, magnesium and vitamin D levels.
Model 4: ORs (95%CI) were adjusted according to age of diabetes onset, duration of diabetes, BMI, season of diabetes onset, zinc, magnesium, and vitamin D levels.
Significant values are in bold.